A study is made of the use of chemical analysis of groundwater samples to assess groundwater quality. Samples from forty-seven boreholes within and around ten landfill sites in the London Borough of Hounslow were analysed. Most of the landfill sites studied were filled prior to the implementation of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 and were not designed with environmental protection in mind. Boreholes were tested for methane, carbon dioxide and groundwater samples were analysed for electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium nitrogen (NI14-N), COD, TOC, Cl-, NO3, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, oxidation - reduction - potential (ORP) and pH. The first ten of these analytical parameters were considered for groundwater quality assessment and the most important selected for more detailed study namely CH4, C02, EC, NH4-N, COD and TOC. Pollution ratings are allocated on the basis of single pollutant analytical data and averaged for each of the bore hole samples. Goodness of fit values between the single analyte values and the average data were calculated and no set of single analyte data was found to provide good groundwater quality assessment. A series of formulae combining the six analyte parameters was considered and the data evaluated by goodness of fit calculations to provide an effective means of assessing groundwater quality. The ratings obtained from the best formula are compared with historical broad band classification of landfill sites and show how sites must be assessed on the basis of samples taken from within the site and not around the perimeter. The production of acetic acid in the acetogenic phase of landfill reactions will increase the leachability and mobility of many metal pollutants and particularly of lead. Studies on the leachability of lead in acetic acid media show how lead solubility is increased in acetic acid media by the formation of triacetatolead(II) species, Pb(CH3CO2)3-.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2001 - Claudia de Souza.pdf: 251955 bytes, checksum: b69d1d8a6093e5f84e1aeb625a7a998e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-02-16 / The objective of this research was to study the relationship between non-conventional, or agroecological coffee production management and the quality of the product. This was a demand of the Association of Small Coffee Producers of Po?o Fundo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Six small farms were studied between the months of May and September 1996. Surveys were applied to farmers to find out about the main agricultural practices used by their coffee production. The following chemical and qualitative analyses were performed on the coffee drink from the studied areas: phenolics, poliphenoloxidases, color index and titrable acidity. Macro and micronutrients contents on coffee leaves and soil nutrient levels were evaluated. In addition, visual analysis was also carried out to assess the symptoms of leaf miner caused by Leucoptera coffeella Gu?rin-M?neville & Perrottet, 1842 Lepdoptera: Lyonetiidae (bicho-mineiro) and syndrome of caused by Phoma sp. The farms were typified according to the level of use of practices considered as agroecological or conventional. The results were analyzed by principal component analyses followed by cluster analyses. Two out of the six farms that used the most agroecological practices, formed a distinct group characterized by coffee drink of better quality. However, regarding soil fertility variables, a cluster was formed due to soil acidity. One of the farms using the most agroecological practices, clustered by itself for its lower soil pH, higher exchangeable Al+3 levels and lower Ca+2 levels. The variables related to leaf nutrient levels, were responsible for clustering farms with higher levels of agroecological practices. In this case, clustering took place by the lower levels of leaf S and B and higher levels of Ca and Mg. Also a trend of lower levels of leaf micronutrients on those properties was found. As a recommendation, more attention should be given to soil acidity and micronutrient replacement on those farms. Also, the agroecological practices used by the farms should be studied further since they resulted in better coffee quality. / O objetivo desse estudo foi estudar a rela??o entre o manejo n?o convencional, ou agroecol? gico e a qualidade da bebida de caf?, como resposta a demanda apresentada pela Associa??o de Pequenos Produtores de Po?o Fundo. Seis propriedades foram estudadas entre os meses de maio e setembro de 1996. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram aplicadas com objetivo de se conhecer o manejo efetuado nas lavouras de caf?. Foram realizadas an?lises qu?micas qualitativas da bebida do caf? nas ?reas amostradas quanto aos fen?licos totais, polifenoloxidase, ?ndice de cor e acidez titul?vel. Levantamento nutricional das propriedades tamb?m foram efetuados tanto no que diz respeito a an?lises foliares quanto de fertilidade do solo. Al?m disso, foi realizada a observa??o visual quanto ? incid?ncia de sintomas relacionados ? Leucoptera coffeella Gu?rin-M?neville & Perrottet, 1842 Lepdoptera: Lyonetiidae (bicho- mineiro) e da s?ndrome da seca de ponteiros, associados a Phoma sp. As propriedades foram tipificadas quanto ao grau de utiliza??o de pr?ticas consideradas como agroecol?gicas ou convencionais . Os resultados foram analisados por meio de an?lise de componentes principais, seguida de an?lise de conglomerados (clusters) indicaram que as duas propriedades que utilizavam o maior n?mero de pr?ticas agroecol?gicas formaram um grupo distinto, caracterizado por uma qualidade de bebida considerada superior ?s demais. Quanto ?s vari?veis de fertilidade do solo, observou-se um agrupamento relacionando ? acidez do solo; uma propriedade que utilizando o maior n?mero de pr?ticas agroecol?gicas se diferenciou das demais por formar um cluster na regi?o de baixa acidez no solo (pH mais elevado e menor teor de Al troc?vel), bem como menor teor de Ca. As vari?veis de teores foliares tamb?m separaram as duas propriedades de maior uso de pr?ticas agroecol?gicas das demais. Neste caso, a separa??o se deu devido aos menores teores de S e B e uma tend?ncia de maiores teores de Ca e Mg foliares. Os resultados indicam que, apesar do baixo uso de insumos industrializados, a boa qualidade da bebida foi mantida nas duas propriedades de maior grau de uso de pr?ticas agroecol?gicas , embora a acidez do solo estivesse alta (em uma das duas propriedades). H? uma tend?ncia de teores de alguns micronutrientes mais baixos nos cafeeiros dessas propriedades. Assim, como recomenda??es preliminares visando ? melhoria dos cafezais da regi?o estudada, uma maior aten??o deve ser dada aos aspectos de acidez do solo e restitui??o de S e B como tamb?m, as pr?ticas usadas na propriedade considerada como de maior uso de pr?ticas agroecol?gicas devem ser mais estudadas, pois, segundo este estudo relacionam-se a uma melhor qualidade de bebida de caf?.