No description available.

<p> A catalytic tubular reactor has been built and interfaced to a minicomputer located at some distance from the actual process equipment. Software has been written to control and monitor the hydrogenolysis of butane within this reactor. The principal aims of this thesis are to describe the process equipment, to detail the structure of the real-time control and monitor software developed for use on a Supernova minicomputer and to demonstrate that the process may indeed be controlled by direct digital control. Finally, in view of the success of the study, a recommendation to explore the applicability of modern control theory is made, particularly, the formulation of an optimal control and changeover policy and the development of multivariable control. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T05:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ambrogi_LuizGustavo_M.pdf: 1521602 bytes, checksum: 8777faa756b62d452583b2eb62dd629a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Para a síntese do acrilato de etila, foi desenvolvido um modelo contínuo bidimensional estacionário para um reator tubular, considerando transferência de calor e massa por dispersão radial e convecção axial. Foi assumido o modelo pseudo-homogêneo sendo do tipo ¿plug-flow¿, o qual se mostrou adequado para as condições de escoamento utilizadas. Todos os elementos necessários à modelagem detalhada do processo foram estabelecidos, incluindo informações experimentais, bem como as correlações para cálculo das propriedades físicas dos componentes puros, os métodos de cálculo respectivos à mistura, as correlações para estimativa dos parâmetros de transferência de massa e energia e a perda de carga. O modelo foi desenvolvido para trabalhar com diferentes métodos numéricos. Uma adimensionalização das variáveis foi realizada antes da discretização das equações diferenciais parciais pelo Método de Colocação Ortogonal. A solução numérica é baseada na implementação do Método das Linhas, o qual é uma combinação de um método de colocação ortogonal na dimensão radial e uma integração axial pelo método de Runge- Kutta de 4 ª ordem. Um método baseado na Quadratura de Gaus-Jacobi foi utilizado para o cálculo das médias das propriedades físicas na radial para cada intervalo de integração. O comportamento do reator é investigado em função de sua sensibilidade a um grupo de parâmetros de projeto e operação. Este software, que na verdade é uma planta virtual, foi utilizado para representar a produção do acrilato de etila em escala industrial em um reator multitubular. O catalisador utilizado foi ácido sulfúrico e as informações sobre a cinética foram suficientes para abordar várias operações compatíveis com as condições industriais. A reação é endotérmica, homogênea, possui uma cinética de segunda ordem e ocorre na fase líquida. A temperatura de reação utilizada foi em torno de 80 ºC, e o fluido de aquecimento utilizado foi o Dowterm A. Para etapa de separação utilizou-se um software comercial, no caso o Aspen Plus. Esta etapa compreendeu primeiramente a caracterização termodinâmica da mistura reacional, e em seguida, a simulação dos principais equipamentos utilizados na separação, visando a otimização do processo. O Acrilato de etila é um éster produzido a partir do ácido acrílico e do etanol. Ésteres acrílicos como este, são mundialmente utilizados para a produção de polímeros, os quais por sua vez, são utilizados principalmente na indústria de tintas e vernizes, adesivos, couro, papel, e tecidos. O que motivou este trabalho, foram os recentes avanços no desenvolvimento de uma rota bioquímica para a síntese do ácido acrílico, utilizando a cana de açúcar como matéria prima. Hoje o ácido acrílico é produzido pela oxidação do propeno, ou seja, uma rota petroquímica. Como o etanol também é produzido no Brasil a partir da cana de açúcar, com um preço muito competitivo comparado à via petroquímica, é possível desenvolver uma ¿rota verde¿, a qual pelos resultados encontrados, é interessante tanto do ponto de vista financeiro quanto ambiental / Abstract: For the synthesis of ethyl acrylate, a continuous bi-dimensional steady-state model for a tubular reactor is developed, considering heat and mass transfer by radial dispersion and axial convection. The model is pseudo-homogeneous and is assumed a plug flow type, which it quite reasonable for the used flow conditions. All the elements necessary to the detailed process modeling were established, including experimental information as well as the correlations to calculate the pure-component physical properties, the respective mixture properties calculations methods, the correlations to estimate heat and mass transfer parameters and pressure drop. The model is built and rearranged to be solved for different numerical methods. An adimensionalization of the variables was carried out before the discretization of the partial differential equations by Orthogonal Collocation method. The numerical solution is based on the method of lines implementation, which is a combination of an orthogonal collocation method in the radial dimension and an axial integration by an explicit 4th order Runge-Kutta method. A Gauss-Jacobi quadrature based method for the radial mean physical properties calculations is used as an internal procedure for each integration interval. This software, in fact a virtual plant, was used to represent the industrial scale production in a multitubular reactor. The catalyst used was sulfuric acid and the information about kinetic was available to cover a broad range of operations compatible with industrial conditions. The kinetic is of second order, homogeneous and the reaction is endothermic and it takes place in the liquid phase. The reactor temperature was about 80 ºC, and Dowtherm A was used as heater fluid. The commercial software Aspen Plus, was used for the separation step. This step includes firstly a thermodynamic characterization of reaction mixture, and after, the simulation of the major equipments used in the separation step, aiming the process optimization. Ethyl acrylate is an ester produced from acrylic acid and ethyl alcohol. Acrylic esters such this, are worldwide used, primarily for polymers production, mainly for coatings, paints, adhesives, and binders for leather, paper, and textiles. The motivation of this work, was the recent advances in the development of biochemical route for the synthesis of acrylic acid by the sugar cane. Today the acrylic acid is produced by the propene oxidation, or a petrochemical route. As the ethyl alcohol is already produced in Brazil by the sugar cane, in a very competitive price compared to petrochemical via, it is possible to develop a ¿green route¿, which by the results found, is both interesting in a financial and environmental point of view / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are potential generic alternatives to antibodies in diagnostics and separations. To compete with biomolecules in these technological niches, MIPs need to share the characteristics of antibodies (solubility, size, specificity and affinity) whilst maintaining the advantages of MIPs (low cost, short development time and high stability). For this reason the interest in preparing MIPs as nanoparticles (MIP NPs) has increased exponentially in the last decade. Cont/d.

No description available.

A numerical study of turbulent combustion systems was pursued to examine different computational modeling techniques, namely computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemical reactor network (CRN) methods. Both methods have been studied and analyzed as individual techniques as well as a coupled approach to pursue better understandings of the mechanisms and interactions between turbulent flow and mixing, ignition behavior and pollutant formation. A thorough analysis and comparison of both turbulence models and chemistry representation methods was executed and simulations were compared and validated with experimental works. An extensive study of turbulence modeling methods, and the optimization of modeling techniques including turbulence intensity and computational domain size have been conducted. The final CFD model has demonstrated good predictive performance for different turbulent bluff-body flames. The NOx formation and the effects of fuel mixtures indicated that the addition of hydrogen to the fuel and non-flammable diluents like CO2 and H2O contribute to the reduction of NOx. The second part of the study focused on developing chemical models and methods that include the detailed gaseous reaction mechanism of GRI-Mech 3.0 but cost less computational time. A new chemical reactor network has been created based on the CFD results of combustion characteristics and flow fields. The proposed CRN has been validated with the temperature and species emission for different bluff-body flames and has shown the capability of being applied to general bluff-body systems. Specifically, the rate of production of NOx and the sensitivity analysis based on the CRN results helped to summarize the reduced reaction mechanism, which not only provided a promising method to generate representative reactions from hundreds of species and reactions in gaseous mechanism but also presented valuable information of the combustion mechanisms and NOx formation. Finally, the proposed reduced reaction mechanism from the sensitivity analysis was applied to the CFD simulations, which created a fully coupled process between CFD and CRN, and the results from the reduced reaction mechanism have shown good predictions compared with the probability density function method. / Ph. D.

O presente trabalho trata da modelagem de combustão em um queimador industrial de gás natural utilizando cadeias de reatores químicos idealizados. A partir de simulações de CFD e dados experimentais do ensaio denominado BERL 300 kW, sucessivas cadeias de reatores são propostas, baseando-se em premissas sobre as condições de temperatura e fluxo de massa entre as diversas regiões do escoamento reativo. O objetivo é obter uma cadeia de reatores que reproduza as emissões de NOx do ensaio. O erro relativo das emissões é de 98,23% na primeira cadeia, de 82,30% na segunda cadeia e de 1,54% na terceira cadeia. A partir da terceira cadeia de reatores proposta, considerada representativa do ensaio, realiza-se uma análise de sensibilidade e um estudo paramétrico, para avaliar a sensibilidade do modelo aos ajustes de segmentação de correntes e a capacidade de reproduzir os dados experimentais de emissão em condições de pré-aquecimento do ar de combustão e em operação fora do ponto de projeto. O modelo produz resultados satisfatórios para os casos de pré-aquecimento do ar até 110°C e para potências térmicas até 33% superiores ao ponto de projeto, não oferecendo bons resultados para as demais condições de operação. / This work shows the development and application of chemical reactor networks (CRN) to the modeling of a natural gas burner. The CRN development is based on experimental and CFD simulation results of the BERL 300 kW test. The CRN element arrangement, reactor volumes and flow splits are adjusted based on the best agreement with characteristic temperatures of the reactive flow, aiming to reproduce the experimental NOx emissions data. The relative error in the emissions predictions are 98,23% for the first CRN proposed, 82,30% for the second CRN and 1,54% for the third one. A sensitivity analysis and a parametric study of the third CRN are carried out to evaluate its sensitivity to the flow splits adjustments and its ability to predict emission with air preheat and turndown operation. The NOx emissions predicted by CRN are in good agreement until 110ºC preheating and for a turndown ratio of 1,33.

O presente trabalho trata da modelagem de combustão em um queimador industrial de gás natural utilizando cadeias de reatores químicos idealizados. A partir de simulações de CFD e dados experimentais do ensaio denominado BERL 300 kW, sucessivas cadeias de reatores são propostas, baseando-se em premissas sobre as condições de temperatura e fluxo de massa entre as diversas regiões do escoamento reativo. O objetivo é obter uma cadeia de reatores que reproduza as emissões de NOx do ensaio. O erro relativo das emissões é de 98,23% na primeira cadeia, de 82,30% na segunda cadeia e de 1,54% na terceira cadeia. A partir da terceira cadeia de reatores proposta, considerada representativa do ensaio, realiza-se uma análise de sensibilidade e um estudo paramétrico, para avaliar a sensibilidade do modelo aos ajustes de segmentação de correntes e a capacidade de reproduzir os dados experimentais de emissão em condições de pré-aquecimento do ar de combustão e em operação fora do ponto de projeto. O modelo produz resultados satisfatórios para os casos de pré-aquecimento do ar até 110°C e para potências térmicas até 33% superiores ao ponto de projeto, não oferecendo bons resultados para as demais condições de operação. / This work shows the development and application of chemical reactor networks (CRN) to the modeling of a natural gas burner. The CRN development is based on experimental and CFD simulation results of the BERL 300 kW test. The CRN element arrangement, reactor volumes and flow splits are adjusted based on the best agreement with characteristic temperatures of the reactive flow, aiming to reproduce the experimental NOx emissions data. The relative error in the emissions predictions are 98,23% for the first CRN proposed, 82,30% for the second CRN and 1,54% for the third one. A sensitivity analysis and a parametric study of the third CRN are carried out to evaluate its sensitivity to the flow splits adjustments and its ability to predict emission with air preheat and turndown operation. The NOx emissions predicted by CRN are in good agreement until 110ºC preheating and for a turndown ratio of 1,33.

O presente trabalho trata da modelagem de combustão em um queimador industrial de gás natural utilizando cadeias de reatores químicos idealizados. A partir de simulações de CFD e dados experimentais do ensaio denominado BERL 300 kW, sucessivas cadeias de reatores são propostas, baseando-se em premissas sobre as condições de temperatura e fluxo de massa entre as diversas regiões do escoamento reativo. O objetivo é obter uma cadeia de reatores que reproduza as emissões de NOx do ensaio. O erro relativo das emissões é de 98,23% na primeira cadeia, de 82,30% na segunda cadeia e de 1,54% na terceira cadeia. A partir da terceira cadeia de reatores proposta, considerada representativa do ensaio, realiza-se uma análise de sensibilidade e um estudo paramétrico, para avaliar a sensibilidade do modelo aos ajustes de segmentação de correntes e a capacidade de reproduzir os dados experimentais de emissão em condições de pré-aquecimento do ar de combustão e em operação fora do ponto de projeto. O modelo produz resultados satisfatórios para os casos de pré-aquecimento do ar até 110°C e para potências térmicas até 33% superiores ao ponto de projeto, não oferecendo bons resultados para as demais condições de operação. / This work shows the development and application of chemical reactor networks (CRN) to the modeling of a natural gas burner. The CRN development is based on experimental and CFD simulation results of the BERL 300 kW test. The CRN element arrangement, reactor volumes and flow splits are adjusted based on the best agreement with characteristic temperatures of the reactive flow, aiming to reproduce the experimental NOx emissions data. The relative error in the emissions predictions are 98,23% for the first CRN proposed, 82,30% for the second CRN and 1,54% for the third one. A sensitivity analysis and a parametric study of the third CRN are carried out to evaluate its sensitivity to the flow splits adjustments and its ability to predict emission with air preheat and turndown operation. The NOx emissions predicted by CRN are in good agreement until 110ºC preheating and for a turndown ratio of 1,33.

Peptide drugs are used to treat a broad spectrum of diseases such as cancer and HIV and have many more promising applications, such as new vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The most popular manufacturing method for peptides is solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The main drawback of SPPS is that it is a costly and wasteful process.  SpinChem is a company that provides technology solutions for chemical processes. Recently, SpinChem has started investigating if their Rotating Bed Reactor (RBR) is suitable for peptide synthesis. The goal of this project is to investigate how the RBR can make processes like SPPS more resource-efficient. The idea is that the RBR-system can maximize the solid-phase to liquid ratio (STL). The STL is the ratio of the volume of solid-phase material and the volume of liquid. By maximizing the STL, it is possible to manufacture peptides using less solvents and chemicals. The main quest of the project is formulated into a single question:  How does a high STL affect the efficiency of the RBR-system?  To answer the question, Minitab's statistical software and design of experiments (DOE) will be used to plan and perform experiments in both lab- and industrial scales. DOE factorial experiments are used to gain as much information as possible about the new RBR-system. The results are analyzed and summarized to make a solid foundation for the continued work on the new RBR application.  Peptide synthesis efficiency in the RBR-system is measured using ionic adsorption. The ionic adsorption rate is measured in both lab-scale and industrial-scale experiments. In the lab-scale experiments, the decrease of ions was on average 86,5% after just 15 s with an average STL of 0,936. The industrial-scale experiments showed a similar result where the average decrease in ions was 92,9% after 20 s with an average STL of 0,947. It was concluded that the RBR-system can reduce the consumption of washing-solvent in SPPS by up to 82%.