The research problem in this qualitative, pilot study explores a child's impressions of hospitalization while in hospital. / Nine children who were in-patients on a pediatric unit of an acute care hospital were interviewed using a semi-structured, self-constructed questionnaire. / The principal finding indicates that these children experienced a neutral emotional response to their hospitalization. Although the subjects were chosen randomly, all children resided in two parent families. This may be a significant factor in enhancing their ability to master hospitalization. Second, their neutral impression of hospitalization may be based on receiving a reasonable level of health care in a child centred environment with support from family.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Psychology, June 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-87). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-52).

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This dissertation is an empirical work dealing with child health issues in developing . countries and specifically in Pakistan where the emphasis is put on the analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic determinants and health impacts. The first chapter includes a general discussion of child health and its importance for economic development in Pakistan and other developing countries. Undoubtedly, the health of children and young people are among the most important health issues. In this regard, the under-five mortality rate is widely used as credible measure of child health in this study. Children tend to be most vulnerable in their first year of life when their health is influenced not only by their own physical condition but also by the social and environmental conditions of the household (Elder & Shanahan, 2006; Lerner et al., 2011). This strong relationship between child mortality and socioeconomic conditions has ensured its continued and widespread use in monitoring social inequalities in health. This is combined· with the fact that preventing early deaths is an effective approach to increasing life expectancy and the monitoring of child mortality rates remains a key component of effective public health action. This dissertation has three objectives. The first objective is to examine the socioeconomic determinants of child health as well as the environmental degradation and child malnutrition variables on child health across the panel countries. The second objective is to develop regression based decomposition analysis to measure the child health inequalities among different socioeconomic groups in Pakistan. The third objective of the study is to investigate the impact of women empowerment and relative bargaining power on child health in Pakistan. In order to reach the first objective, this study used panel data methods to estimate the determinants of child mortality employing World Bank data for 96 low and middle income countries. This study empirically examined the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child mortality outcomes by applying various panel data estimation methods i.e, Pooled, Fixed Effect, R~dom Effect, 2SLS, 2SLS FE and system GMM. Moreover, the analysis also examined if fertility is causal to child mortality and the effect of fertility on child mortality using 2SLS. The analysis revealed that the System GMM estimate is the best model which suggests a positive and significant coefficient of lagged child mortality, implying that child mortality is persistent over time. The results provide strong evidence that women's education, women's labour participation, immunization coverage and real GDP per capita are important detelminants of child mortality for developing countries. Other important findings are that immunization coverage and environmental degradation have significant effects on child mor,tality. Overall the results suggest that more attention should be given to the economic costs of poor health associated with environmental damage such as air pollution. Immunization coverage and improved sanitation seyms to be much more effective in reducing child mortality in developing countries. Therefore, it is argued that investments in these specific activities will yield significant social benefits within the sample of countries examined. . The second objective is achieved through the application of a decomposition approach to explain socioeconomic inequalities in child health in Pakistan. Inequalities in child health are measured using the concentration index, which is then decomposed into its contributions to socioeconomic inequality in the observed determinants of child health. Data for the analysis came from the 1998/99, 2001102, 2005/06 and 2007/08 Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM). The analysis reveals that child under five mOliality inequalities are concentrated among socio-economic groups that are poor in Pakistan in all four years of the survey. Furthermore, the results from decomposition analysis shows that household income, urban residency, mother's education, no breastfeeding and having no sanitation facility each made a sizeable contribution to child health inequality. This study recommends that scaling up social and economic policies that are in alignment with child health policies could bridge the current avoidable and unjust gap between the child health of advantaged and disadvantaged groups in Pakistan. .'~ The third objective of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that women empowerment and relative bargaining power is related to lower child mortality. This hypothesis is again tested using PSLM data from Pakistan. The study attempts to focus light on the status of women and the effect on early childhood mortality controlling for the effect of other associated determinants. To allow for unobservable heterogeneity across birth cohorts and geographical districts, this study constructs a pseudo panel for a sample of children under the age of five from three repeated cross sections observed in 2001/02, 2005/06, and 2007/08. It is evident by the results that women empowerment and women bargaining power seemed to have the strongest effect on child m011ality in Pakistan. This study concludes that empowerment of women bestows further benefit to society indicating that there is the need for increasing the incentives for good care of children. The health status of children clearly increases with lower mortality, and this probability is higher when women are more empowered to make decisions within the household, suggesting the need for interventions that increase women's financial and physical autonomy.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand, describe, and make meaning of the experiences of early childhood educators of young foster care students. The researcher examined the experiences of teachers regarding the attachment behaviors of their foster care students. This study also sought to explore how early childhood teachers implement their curriculum and how they design their classroom environment to meet the needs of young foster care children. Data collection and analysis included 20 questionnaires and 20 face-to-face semistructured interviews. Data analysis consisted of a three step process. The first step began by reading interviews through a holistic approach. During this step, the researcher read the entire transcript as a whole before digging deeper. The second step in coding was a selective reading. In this step, the researcher read through each transcript by finding key words and/or phrases. The third step in the coding process was a detailed reading. The researcher read the text word-by-word. This step aided the researcher in finding those words that captured the phenomenon of the teachers. The researcher found three major overarching themes: social and emotional behaviors, triad relationship, and classroom accommodations. This study revealed three main themes: attachment-related behaviors of social and emotional development, teacher relationship strategies with student and caregiver, and classroom curricular and environmental adjustments. Within all three of these themes was an underlying theme of a teacher-as-mother perceived attachment from the teachers. The teacher-as-mother perceived attachment was embedded in the experiences of the teachers. It is recommended that this main theme be explored in future research. The experiences of the teachers were completely based on their experiences in this study. The way they intervened on behalf of their foster care students did not appear to relate to any professional development or training; it was entirely based on their experiences. It is recommended that the arena of early childhood would benefit immensely with a course, training, or professional development in learning about the foster care system and dealing with young children in foster care. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

3 v : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D.D. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dental Health, 1978

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 49 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-37).