published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Discourse raises issues about semantics, and especially the nature of coherence and cohesion of texts. Similar to part-of-speech tagging and syntactic parsing, discourse classification is fundamental in computational linguistics. But relatively, this issue is not well studied. The lack of annotated corpora brings limitations to research of discourse classification for most languages other than English (e.g., Chinese). Manual annotation for discourse classification is complex, time consuming and costly. To overcome this predicament, one alternative is to explore unsupervised learning methods. Nevertheless, previous work on English showed that unsupervised methods could only deal with coarse-grained discourse relations and suffered from low precision. Another possible way is to make use of discourse classification capabilities from other languages which have rich discourse corpora. But the problem of cross language discourse classification is still very much open for investigation. Using Chinese as the target, this thesis presents the first study on discourse classification for resource-poor language. Furthermore, we also annotate the first open discourse treebank for Chinese which includes 890 news articles. / At the beginning, we propose a novel bootstrapping unsupervised method based on semantic sequential representation (SSR) for discourse classification. SSR is a new representation for discourse instances which integrate basic bag-of-words information with lexical, semantic and word sequential information. Our method starts with a small set of cue-phrase-based patterns to collect large number of discourse instances which are later converted to SSRs. We then propose an unsupervised SSR learner to generate, weigh and filter new SSRs without cue phrases for recognizing discourse relations. Experimental results showed that our method outperformed previous unsupervised method by 7% in F-score. We also show that SSRs are effective features for supervised learning methods. / The SSR-based method (F-score = 0:63) ignores the ambiguities of discourse connectives. As a result, it suffers from low recall (Recall = 0:49). To discover and eliminate these ambiguities, we further propose a cross-language framework for discourse classification. In our framework, discourse classification for Chinese is achieved in two steps: (1) Discourse connective/trigger identification and (2) Sense classification. English Penn Discourse Treebank 2 (PDTB2) and Chinese-English parallel data are coupled to provide the training data for a co-training based framework. Experimental results showed that our method achieved significant improvement comparing to SSR based method. The proposed framework is practical and effective especially in coping with the inter community problem, which is common in cross-language discourse classification. Moreover, the proposed framework does not integrate any language specific features, making it theoretically applicable for other languages. / Every language has its unique characteristics, our cross-language framework which focuses on the common characteristics between languages is ineffective in detecting Chinese language specific characteristics. As a result, we package the corpus we used in this research to form the Discourse Treebank for Chinese (DTBC). DTBC adopts the principles of PDTB2, and at the same time, it incorporates the linguistic characteristics of Chinese. The annotation work adds a discourse layer to 890 articles from the Penn Chinese Tree Bank 5 (CTB5). DTBC is the first ever open Chinese discourse treebank, which will be an invaluable linguistic resource for future research in Chinese discourse. / 語篇(Discourse)提出了關於語義理解的問題，特別是篇章的銜接與連貫問題。與詞法分析、語法分析相似，語篇分類问题是計算語言學的基本問題之一。較同领域其他問題而言，語篇分類的研究尚處於初級階段。對於除英文外的絕大多數語言，由於缺乏语篇標注資料，語篇分類的研究受到了很大的限制。眾所周知，語篇資料的標注工作複雜度较高而且需要花費大量的時間。為了克服這一困境，一種方法是探索無指導的語篇分類方法。然而，在英文上的先行研究表明，無指導语篇分类方法的缺陷是準確率較低並且僅能處理粗粒度的語篇關係。另一種方法是將語篇分類技術從有大量標注資料的源語言遷移到其他目標語言。然而，當前跨語言語篇分類技術尚不成熟。本文以中文為目標語言，首創了在本地標注資料非常有限(Resource-Poor)的情況下，對中文進行語篇分類的研究。不僅如此，我們還標註了中文第一個公開的，包含890篇新聞文章的語篇樹庫。 / 為了克服以往無指導方法的缺點，我們首先提出了一種新穎的，基於語義有序標記法 (SSR: Semantic Sequential Representation) 的無指導方法。語義有序標記法是一種新的表示語篇實例的方法，它集成了詞袋(bag-of-words)資訊，詞法資訊，語義資訊以及詞序資訊。我們的方法首先從一小組基於語篇連接詞的模式出發，在中文生語料中獲取大量的語篇實例，我們用語義有序標記法表示這些語篇實例。然後，我們提出了一種無指導的，在不考慮語篇連接詞的情況下，對語義有序表示進行挖掘，打分和過濾的方法。實驗結果證明，我們提出的方法比先前的方法在F值上提高了7%。我們還證明了語義有序表示也可以成為有指導語篇分類方法的有效特徵。 / 基於挖掘語義有序表示的無指導方法（F-score=0.63）忽略了語篇連接詞的歧義性。因此，其召回率較低。爲消除歧義，我們進一步提出了一種跨語言的語篇分類框架。在我們的框架中，中文語篇分類任務由兩個步驟組成：（1）語篇連詞/觸發詞的發現；（2）語篇關係分類。我們將英文語篇樹庫（PDTB2: Penn Discourse TreeBank 2.0）和中文樹庫（CTB5: Chinese TreeBank 5.0）結合起來作為訓練資料，作為co-training演算法框架的輸入。實驗結果表明，我們提出的跨語言語篇分類方法比單純使用語義有序表示的方法在F值上有非常顯著的提高。 這說明我們提出的跨語言框架可以有效地通過雙語平行語料的橋樑作用，識別不同語言之間的語篇分類的共通性。值得一提的是，我們提出的演算法框架並不需要特定的，語言相關的特徵，因此，它具有很強的擴展並應用到其他語言的能力。 / 每種語言都有其獨特的特點，我們提出的跨語言方法主要注重於發掘語言之間的共同特點，因此並不能有效地發掘中文篇章分類的獨有特點。我們將實驗中標注過的中文語篇分析資料進行了總結和歸納，形成了中文語篇樹庫（DTBC: Discourse TreeBank for Chinese）。中文語篇樹庫繼承了英文語篇庫的構建原則，與此同時，它針對中文獨有的特點進行了大量的本地化工作。我們的標注工作為中文樹庫 （CTB5: The Chinese TreeBank 5.0）的全部890篇新聞文章添加了語篇資訊層。中文語篇樹庫是第一個開放的、大規模中文語篇樹庫語料。它為未來的中文語篇分析研究提供了至關重要的基礎性標註數據。 / Zhou, Lanjun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-104). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 20, December, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Chu Yiu Wai, Stephen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 316-336). / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter One --- "Introduction: The Politics of an ""Other"" Critical Discourse" --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- "Interpretation, Textuality, Paradox: Towards an ""Other"" Reading Position" --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Three --- De/Formation of the Hermeneutical Framework in Chinese-Western Comparative Discourse --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Reading Feminist Reading and a Critique of Chinese Critical Discourse --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter Five --- The Problem of Reading in Contemporary Chinese Critics: Three Exemplary Positions --- p.170 / Chapter i. --- James J.Y. Liu --- p.172 / Chapter ii. --- Stephen Owen --- p.208 / Chapter iii. --- Wai-lim Yip --- p.227 / Chapter Chapter Six --- "An ""Other"" Conclusion: Towards an Oppositional Reading in the (Post)Colonial Context" --- p.257 / Select Bibliography --- p.316 / Glossary --- p.337

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

Noun phrases (NPs) with the same reference may take a number of different forms. For example, in English a particular conference can be referred to as a conference, the conference, that conference, this conference, that, this, or it. This dissertation attempts to account for the use of such referring expressions in Chinese, based on Gundel, Hedberg and Zacharski's (1993) Givenness Hierarchy, and compares the discourse use of Chinese referring expressions with those of English.The Givenness Hierarchy is given below:THE GIVENNESS HIERARCHY:inuniquelytypefocus > activated > familiar > identifiable >referential> identifiable that{it}this{that N}{the N}{indefinite this N}{a N}this NThe Givenness Hierarchy correlates the form of referring expressions with their cognitive statuses, with each status being necessary and sufficient for the appropriate use of a different form or set of forms.The dissertation tests the Givenness Hierarchy to see if it adequately explains the use of referring expressions in Chinese. The data for this study are drawn from spoken and written texts from several different text types (cf. Biber 1986, 1988). The spoken data represent three different speech situations, i.e., face-to-face casual conversations, news broadcasts, and public speeches. The written texts represent different types, including short stories, novels, academic prose, magazine and journal articles, published letters and personal letters. The spoken and written data cover a range of formality and degree of planning.The results of the study show that the Givenness Hierarchy cannot account for the choice of form when two forms meet the sufficient cognitive requirements for appropriate use. More specifically, the Givenness Hierarchy fails to account for choices in Chinese between yi `one' NP and a bare NP when type identifiable is a necessary and sufficient condition for the appropriate use of both, or between nei `that' NP and a bare NP when uniquely identifiable is a necessary and sufficient condition for the appropriate use of both.It is proposed that within the individual categories of the Givenness Hierarchy, further distinction of the degree of discourse salience must be made in order to account for the distribution of Chinese NP forms in discourse. For example, the study shows that nei `that' encodes a uniquely identifiable referent and is used to increase referential salience, while a bare NP encodes a referent of neutral referential salience. Following Givon's (1984) line of research, the use of the numeral yi `one' is to code pragmatically important referents in discourse vs. the use of a bare NP to indicate referentially unimportant referents.To interpret the distribution of referring expressions in Chinese discourse, a number of properties of different expressions have been identified and characterized. The distal demonstrative determiner nei `that' has an associative anaphoric use, encoding an entity whose referent is uniquely identifiable based on what Hawkins (1978, 1991) calls P-sets, association sets. This function of nei as an associative anaphor demonstrates that its deictic function has become weak. In this regard, nei is beginning to function like the English definite article the.The distal demonstrative determiner nei has a recognitional use in talk-ininteraction, to use Schegloff's (1996) terms, negotiating shared knowledge and personal experiences.The demonstrative determiners zhe/na 'this/that' are studied in terms of word order variation. When in postverbal position, they function as definite markers, precluding indefinite interpretation of the postverbal NP. In preverbal position, they tend to increase referential salience of the subject/topic NP.The demonstrative pronouns are compared with the neuter pronoun to `it' and zero when referring to inanimates. The neuter to and zero tend to continue a topic, while demonstrative pronouns are likely to signal topic shift. This distinctive feature is shared by both English and Chinese.In sum, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of the use of referring expressions in both Chinese and English, which should be of interest both to linguists and to language teachers. / Department of English

This dissertation discusses various underlying conceptual metaphors used to describe the issue of Taiwan’s independence in the PRC media in light of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The conceptual metaphors underlying linguistic expressions that are used to depict the independence issue in Chinese for a total number of nineteen concepts are examined. It is also argued that the conceptual bases for some chengyu, fixed expressions in Chinese, can be explained within Conceptual Metaphor Theory, but others cannot since some of the conceptual mappings constructed are context specific. The secondary metaphors found in some chengyu are based on the original association of one domain with another in the allusion or historical story. In short, this study provides empirical evidence for Conceptual Metaphor Theory in that the use of metaphor is extremely prevalent in at least one genre of Chinese political writing. It also examines Chinese chengyu from a cognitive point of view. / Department of English

A notice carried in the Apple Daily depicting people from mainland China as locusts and a Peking University professor’s use of the word dogs to describe people in Hong Kong were among several incidents which brought to global attention conflicting ideologies of national identity and discriminatory practices among certain groups in Hong Kong and mainland China. As newspaper texts ‘constitute a sensitive barometer of sociocultural change’ (Fairclough, 1995, p.52) this dissertation investigated the coverage of these incidents in two Hong Kong papers (the SCMP and the Standard) and two Chinese papers (the China Daily and the Global Times) by analyzing a corpus of 279 texts to find evidence whether the papers reproduce or resist discrimination and/or promote certain ideologies of national identity. To ensure the validity of the study a triangulation of analytical methods was used. This study utilizes approaches to textual analysis from the ‘dialectal-relational’ framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough 1993, 2003, 2009; Richardson 2007), corpus linguistics and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Kövecses 2002). The findings show that while there was no overt evidence for conflicting ideologies of national identity or of discrimination toward the general population of Hong Kong or mainland China, all of the papers to some degree appear to discriminate against women from mainland China who come to give birth in Hong Kong. It was concluded from this that to some extent the papers reflect the interests and concerns of the status quo who desire a smooth integration of Hong Kong into mainland China. / published_or_final_version / Applied English Studies / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education