A new class of oxazolidinone chiral auxiliary has been synthesized from various α-amino acids, incorporating a perfluoroalkyl functional chain as a soluble support. This feature allows the chiral auxiliaries to be employed under standard solution-phase reaction conditions, and rapidly purified from crude mixtures using fluorous solid phase extraction (FSPE). Our investigation of these new materials has been divided into two main sections. To obtain the chiral auxiliaries in multi-gram quantities a synthetic protocol was designed, where efficiency and reproducibility were the primary objectives. Meeting these goals required an extensive study of the reactivity of perfluoroalkyl nucleophiles. This study identified a versatile and scalable protocol for the perfluoroalkylation of the required amino acid starting materials. These results have allowed us to design a general, five-step synthetic pathway to create the fluorous chiral auxiliaries quickly and effectively. The new auxiliaries were then applied in several model reactions, specifically chosen to examine the reactivity and behavior of these compounds. In particular, the auxiliaries were tested for their stereoselectivity, recyclability, and ease of purification, in a series of Aldol reactions, 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions, and radical conjugate additions. This set of model reactions, combined with the facile and efficient synthesis clearly demonstrates that these new chiral auxiliaries are useful alternatives to the non-fluorous oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries currently employed in stoichiometric asymmetric syntheses.

Chiral structure formation is ubiquitous in surface self-assembly. Molecules that do not undergo chiral recognition in solution or fluid phases can do so when their configurational freedom is restricted in the two-dimensional field of a substrate. The process holds promise in the manufacture of functional materials for chiral catalysis, sensing or nonlinear optics. In this thesis, we investigate the influence of surface attraction and geometry on adsorption-induced chiral separation in several model molecules, as well as the relationships between molecular features, specifically molecular geometry and charge distribution, and chiral recognition at surface self-assembly. Simple model molecules embody the fundamental interactions involved in supramolecular structure formation in experimental systems, and allow the in-depth investigation of key parameters. Chiral pattern formation at the surface self-assembly is a complex problem, even in cases where very small organic molecules are considered. Even though the adsorption behaviour of small organic molecules on gold surfaces has been investigated extensively so far experimentally and theoretically, much of their chiral behaviour is yet to be understood at a molecular level. Theoretical investigations of chiral self-assembly of sulfur containing amino acids onto achiral and chiral gold surfaces is also presented in this thesis. By understanding chiral self-assembly on solid surfaces, one may control and direct it towards creating materials with desired functionality. / Graduate / 0494 / tp.popa@gmail.com

A new class of oxazolidinone chiral auxiliary has been synthesized from various α-amino acids, incorporating a perfluoroalkyl functional chain as a soluble support. This feature allows the chiral auxiliaries to be employed under standard solution-phase reaction conditions, and rapidly purified from crude mixtures using fluorous solid phase extraction (FSPE). Our investigation of these new materials has been divided into two main sections. To obtain the chiral auxiliaries in multi-gram quantities a synthetic protocol was designed, where efficiency and reproducibility were the primary objectives. Meeting these goals required an extensive study of the reactivity of perfluoroalkyl nucleophiles. This study identified a versatile and scalable protocol for the perfluoroalkylation of the required amino acid starting materials. These results have allowed us to design a general, five-step synthetic pathway to create the fluorous chiral auxiliaries quickly and effectively. The new auxiliaries were then applied in several model reactions, specifically chosen to examine the reactivity and behavior of these compounds. In particular, the auxiliaries were tested for their stereoselectivity, recyclability, and ease of purification, in a series of Aldol reactions, 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions, and radical conjugate additions. This set of model reactions, combined with the facile and efficient synthesis clearly demonstrates that these new chiral auxiliaries are useful alternatives to the non-fluorous oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries currently employed in stoichiometric asymmetric syntheses.

Chiral aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are finding many applications in asymmetric organic synthesis, particularly as ligands in the preparation of chiral metal complexes. Since camphor-based chiral auxiliaries are known to be especially effective, a number of pyridines fused to the camphor skeleton have been reported. It is well known that nicotinic acid and its derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of nicotinamide, which acts as an electron acceptor in many biological redox reactions. In connection to our works, we attempted to develop short and convenient way to prepare various camphorderived chiral pyridine or nicotinic acid derivatives. Here we report our results obtained from the annulation of (+)-&amp / #946 / -hydroxymethylenecamphor as the feasible chiral pool with various enamines derived from active methylene compounds. (+)-&amp / #946 / -Hydroxymethylenecamphor prepared from cheap and easily available natural (+)-camphor and enamines were transformed into chiral camphor-based pyridine derivatives via tandem condensation reaction in good yields.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: [85]-87)

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa que causa perda progressiva e irreversível das funções cerebrais, atualmente não tem cura e não existe um tratamento específico eficaz. Uma estratégia para o tratamento paliativo é restaurar o neurotransmissor acetilcolina utilizando fármacos inibidores das enzimas colinesterase (ChEI), nesse contexto a tacrina foi o primeiro fármaco aprovado para o tratamento da DA. Há mais de uma década os análogos dímeros da tacrina, conhecidos como bis-tacrina, mostraram maior eficiência na inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) comparativamente ao fármaco tacrina e seus análogos, devido à ação simultânea em dois sítios da enzima, catalítico e periférico. Desde então, vários compostos dímeros e híbridos contendo o núcleo tacrina tem sido sintetizados e testados como ChEI. Neste trabalho realizou-se a síntese de dímeros quirais do tipo bis-tacrina, onde dois núcleos da tacrina com substituintes quirais estão conectados por uma cadeia espaçadora de carbonos metilênicos. A reação de condensação de Friedlander foi a estratégia adotada para a obtenção do núcleo tacrina, onde uma ciclocetona quiral de origem terpênica foi condensada com um ácido o-aminobenzóico na presença de POCl3, formando os intermediários do tipo 9-cloroacridinas quirais. As ciclocetonas quirais foram sintetizadas a partir da reação de retro-aldol do monoterpeno natural pulegona, comercialmente disponível nas formas (R)-(+)- e (S)-(-). A preparação dos homodímeros envolveu a reação de substituição nucleofílica aromática (SNAr) entre as 9-cloroacridinas e a 1,7-heptanodiamina, que contém a cadeia alquílica espaçadora. A síntese dos heterodímeros necessitou a preparação dos precursores 9-(1,7-diaminoeptil)-1,2,3,4-tetraidroacridina, contendo o núcleo tacrina e o grupo amino separados pela cadeia espaçadora, para posterior reação de SNAr com as 9-cloroacridinas. Os produtos obtidos neste trabalho foram purificados por cromatografia em coluna e caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C, no infravermelho (IV), atividade óptica e medidas de ponto de fusão. As análises de atividade óptica mostraram que a quiralidade foi mantida nos intermediários e nos produtos finais sintetizados. Foram realizados ensaios biológicos de inibição das enzimas AChE e BuChE com os compostos quirais disponíveis, e os dímeros da série (R) mostraram ser ativos como inibidores das enzimas. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which causes progressive and irreversible loss of brain functions and currently has no cure and no effective specific treatment. A strategy for palliative treatment of AD is the restoration of neurotransmitter acetylcholine using drugs cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and tacrine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AD. About fifteen years ago, bis(n)-tacrine analogues linked by an alkylene chain were prepared, and it was proved that these dimeric molecules of tacrine offered a much stronger potency and selectivity toward AChE. Bis(7)-tacrine simultaneously binds at both the CAS and the PAS sites and provides a higher selectivity towards AChE over BuChE.. Since then, several dimmers and hybrid compounds containing the nucleus tacrine, have been synthesized and tested as cholinesterase inhibitors. In this work were carried out the syntheses of chiral homodimers and heterodimers of bis-tacrine type, where two nucleus of tacrine with chiral substituents were connected by an alkyl chain as spacer. The Friedländer condensation reaction was performed to obtain the tacrine nucleus, the cycloketone from a chiral terpene source was condensed with an o-aminobenzoic acid in the presence of POCl3, forming 9-chloroacridine intermediates. The chiral cycloketone were obtained from natural monoterpene pulegone, commercially available in (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-) enantiomers. The preparation of homodimers involved the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction between 9-chloroacridines and 1,7-diaminoheptane, which contains the spacer alkyl chain. The synthesis of heterodimers required the preparation of precursor 9-(1,7-diaminoheptyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraydroacridine, containing tacrine nucleus and the amino group separated by spacer chain, for subsequent SNAr reaction with the 9-chloroacridines. The products obtained in this work were purified by column chromatography and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of 1H and 13C, infrared spectroscopy (IR), optical activity and melting point measurements. The analysis of optical activity showed that the chirality was maintained in the intermediate and final products synthesized. Biological assays of inhibition of AChE and BuChE enzymes were performed with chiral compounds. The dimers of (R)-series were active as cholinesterase inhibitors.

In the first study, a new µ-HPLC column was developed using a monolithic silica gel as a column substrate for chiral separation by covalently modifying with (S, S)-Whelk-O1 chiral selector. The monolithic stationary phase was generated through a sol-gel process and prepared in situ in a 100 µm i.d. fused silica capillary tubing. The chromatographic performance was characterized in terms of retention factor, column efficiency, enantioselectivity and resolution, as well as the kinetics parameters affecting the separation. Comparison with a commercial particle packed HPLC column demonstrates a promising enantioselective resolving ability of the monolithic Whelk-O1 capillary column. The second project focuses on characterization of fluorescent sensor for zinc detection. In this work, we have examined the photophysical properties of the fluorescent probe sensor that has been developed in our laboratory for Zn2+ recognition via a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) sensing mechanism. To characterize the fundamental function of sensor, response curves have been conducted, using acetone/methanol (199:1), 1,4-dioxane, acetone, methanol and aqueous buffer as the solvent system. Similar to prior work from our group, the sensor was found to respond selectively to Zn2+ ions with fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescence properties and binding response were evaluated in the presence of water and a Lewis base, which we found to have a marked effect on the fluorescence signal. The selectivity of the sensor for Zn2+ was also observed and compared to other divalent metal such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ with the goal of learning fundamental information on the system that can aid in the development of future PET based sensors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pupin_jc_dr_ift.pdf: 1428942 bytes, checksum: d6abaa838d7800612f4a795ffa313ad7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Utilizando a simetria quiral, calculamos a contribuição dominante ao potencial nucleon-nucleon (NN) devido à troca de três píons não correlacionados. Esta contribuição é isovetorial com as componentes pseudoescalar e axial. A pseudoescalar é dominante, tem um alcance de 1.0 fm e contribui no canal de píon. No mesmo contexto, estudamos a produção de um píon na interação nucleon-nucleon devida à troca de dois píons. O termo dominante do Kernel da produção é construído a partir da mesma interação básica usada no potencial NN devido à troca de três píons. Relacionamos este termo à componente central do potencial NN devido à troca de dois píons e mostramos que esta, por sua vez, é dominada pelo fator de forma escalar píon-nucleon. O Kernel obtido foi aplicado para o limiar da produção e na construção de um potencial de três nucleons. Os resultados foram generalizados para um potencial NN central qualquer e comparados ao potencial de Argonne e àquele devido à troca de um méson escalar...ctício / Abstracts: Using the chiral symmetry, we calculated the dominant contribution to the nucleon-nucleon (NN) potential due to the exchange of three non-correlated pions (3o). This contribution is isovetor with pseudoscalar and axial components. The pseudoscalar component is dominant, it has a range of 1.0 fm and it contributes in the pion channel. In the same context, we studied the pion production in the nucleon-nucleon interaction due to the exchange of two pions (2o). The dominant term of the production Kernel is built from the same basic interaction used in the 3o-exchange NN potential. We related this term to the central component of the 2o-exchange NN potential and we showed that the latter, on its turn, is dominated by the pion-nucleon scalar form factor. The obtained Kernel was applied at the threshold and in the constructioin of a three-nucleon potential. The results were generalized foa a central NN potential of any kind and compared to the potentials of Argonne and to that due to the exchange of one ...ctitious scalar meson

The thesis entitled "Pushing the Limits of NMR Sensitivity and Chiral Analysis: Design of New NMR Methods and Bio-molecular Tools" consists of six chapters. The research work reported in this thesis is focused on the development of novel chemical and NMR methodological approaches for enantiomeric analysis and mea- surement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), and the development of sensitivity enhanced slice selective NMR experiments for obtaining pure shift 1H spectra and the measurement of scalar couplings. The thesis is divided into two parts. The Part I comprises chapters 2-4, where the enantiomeric analysis is discussed, which includes newly developed chiral reagents, two new weak chiral aligning media and design of novel NMR techniques. Part II comprises chapters 5 and 6, which discusses new sensitivity enhanced slice selective NMR techniques. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to NMR and the problems investigated in the remaining chapters of the thesis. The chapter starts with a brief discussion on the introduction, advancements and general applications of NMR, discussion is also given on the NMR approaches for enantiomeric analysis both in isotropic and anisotropic phases and the measurement of RDCs, including the benefits and limitations associated with each approach. The chapter sets the tone by discussing limitations of the existed NMR enantiomeric approaches and slice-selective techniques, and builds the bridge for the rest of the chapters by addressing these limitations. The chapter also introduces slice selective experiments, their benefits over other conventional methods and limitations. Additional introductory notes are also given on some related concepts. Part I : NMR Chiral analysis and RDCs measurements Chapter 2 discusses chiral sensing properties of RNA nucleosides and their utility as chiral derivatizing agents for the enantio-discrimination of 1o-amines using one dimensional 1H NMR. A three component protocol has been proposed for the complexation of nucleosides with amines, which is rapid, economical and provides maximum diastereomeric conversion. The chiral differentiating ability of nucleosides are examined for different amines based on the 1H NMR chemical shift differences between the diastereomers (∆δ R, S ). Enantiomeric differentiation has been observed at multiple chemically distinct proton sites. It is observed that adenosine and guanosine exhibit large chiral differentiation (∆δ R, S ) due to the presence of a purine ring. The comparison of the diastereomeric excess (de) measured by NMR with those of the gravimetrically prepared ratios are in excellent agreement with each other confirming the robustness of these RNA nucleosides in discriminating primary amines. Chapter 3 establishes the smooth connectivity with the chapter 2 by discussing the limitations of the enantiomeric discrimination using NMR in isotropic solutions. This chapter discusses two new water compatible aligning media that were developed based on self-assembling strategy of small bio-molecules. The self-assembled folic acid, and the binary mixture of 50-GMP and guanosine are introduced as two novel weak aligning media. The properties of these low ordered media have been systematically studied for their easy preparation, physical parameter dependent tunability of their degree of alignment, mesosphere sustainability over a broad range of temperature and the concentration of the ingredients, and the phase reproducibility. The applications of both these new media are demonstrated for chiral and pro-chiral discrimination and also for the measurement of RDCs. Both these liquid crystalline media could be tuned to very low degree of alignment (order parameter of the order of 10−4), which provides simple first order spectra of molecules aligned in them, the analysis provide order dependent NMR spectral parameters. The 50-GMP:guanosine orienting medium can be prepared in less than 1 hour, and has been demonstrated to be an ideal medium for the determination of RDCs that are used as restraints in the structure calculations of small molecules. Chapter 4 describes 1H NMR spectral complexity in isotropic and anisotropic phases and its consequences on enantiomeric analysis. In circumventing such problems, new NMR techniques have been developed and the spin dynamics involved in the designed sequences are discussed. The newly developed 2D 1H NMR experimental method termed as RES-TOCSY, and its applicability for resolving R and S enantiomeric or diastereomeric peaks of all the coupled proton spins in isotropic phase is discussed. The utility of the developed method is demonstrated in diverse situations, such as, for suppressing impurities peaks, resolving the severely overlapped peaks and unraveling the peaks masked due to severe line broadening when metal complexes are used as chiral auxiliaries. The advantages and limitations of the method over other methods available in the literature are discussed and the significant advantage of the present method is illustrated by spectral comparison with J-resolved experiment. The appli- cation of the method for the accurate measurement of enantiomeric excess has also been demonstrated. The chapter also introduces another NMR experimental technique developed for resolving enantiomeric peaks and complete unraveling of R and S spectra in anisotropic phase. The developed 2D NMR method is cited in the literature as CH-RES-TOCSY. In addition to spectroscopic visualization of R and S spectra, the method also yields C-H RDCs. The applicability of the new experiment has been demonstrated on a chosen example. The wide utility of the method has also been demonstrated for the assignment of symmetric cis- and trans- isomers. Part II : Sensitivity Enhancement of Slice selective NMR Experiments Chapter 5 describes applications of slice selective NMR experiments over conven tional NMR methods and their limitations as far as the sensitivity of signal detection is concerned, especially in low concentrated samples. The chapter introduces the implementation of Acceleration by Sharing Adjacent Polarization (ASAP) technique in slice selective experiments. It is convincingly demonstrated that ASAP helps in reducing inter scan relaxation delay and consequently permits acquisition of more number of scans in a given time, resulting in the gain in signal enhancement by a factor of two. The pulse sequences have been suitably designed for obtaining the pure shift 1H spectra and in G-SERF experiment for the measurement of 1H-1H couplings, both with significantly enhanced signal intensities. Chapter 6 describes new sensitivity enhanced slice selective NMR methods for mea- surement of scalar couplings. A new experiment has been developed which is named as Quick G-SERF (QG-SERF). It is a 1D NMR slice selective method developed based on real time spin manipulation technique. The method gives multiple scalar couplings of a selected spin with simplified multiplets, which is analogous to the 2D G-SERF but with considerable saving in instrument time by 1-2 orders of magnitude. The rapidness of the experiment arises due to reduced dimensionality. The spin dynamics involved in the pulse sequence and its working principle have been described. The application of the method is illustrated for the measurement of 1H-1H couplings. The sequence has been further improved to obtain the heteronuclear couplings between two abundant spins in an orchestrated manner and has been demonstrated for measurement of 1H-19F couplings. This sequence cited as HF-QG-SERF has been implemented on the molecules containing number of chemically non-equivalent fluorine atoms.

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa que causa perda progressiva e irreversível das funções cerebrais, atualmente não tem cura e não existe um tratamento específico eficaz. Uma estratégia para o tratamento paliativo é restaurar o neurotransmissor acetilcolina utilizando fármacos inibidores das enzimas colinesterase (ChEI), nesse contexto a tacrina foi o primeiro fármaco aprovado para o tratamento da DA. Há mais de uma década os análogos dímeros da tacrina, conhecidos como bis-tacrina, mostraram maior eficiência na inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) comparativamente ao fármaco tacrina e seus análogos, devido à ação simultânea em dois sítios da enzima, catalítico e periférico. Desde então, vários compostos dímeros e híbridos contendo o núcleo tacrina tem sido sintetizados e testados como ChEI. Neste trabalho realizou-se a síntese de dímeros quirais do tipo bis-tacrina, onde dois núcleos da tacrina com substituintes quirais estão conectados por uma cadeia espaçadora de carbonos metilênicos. A reação de condensação de Friedlander foi a estratégia adotada para a obtenção do núcleo tacrina, onde uma ciclocetona quiral de origem terpênica foi condensada com um ácido o-aminobenzóico na presença de POCl3, formando os intermediários do tipo 9-cloroacridinas quirais. As ciclocetonas quirais foram sintetizadas a partir da reação de retro-aldol do monoterpeno natural pulegona, comercialmente disponível nas formas (R)-(+)- e (S)-(-). A preparação dos homodímeros envolveu a reação de substituição nucleofílica aromática (SNAr) entre as 9-cloroacridinas e a 1,7-heptanodiamina, que contém a cadeia alquílica espaçadora. A síntese dos heterodímeros necessitou a preparação dos precursores 9-(1,7-diaminoeptil)-1,2,3,4-tetraidroacridina, contendo o núcleo tacrina e o grupo amino separados pela cadeia espaçadora, para posterior reação de SNAr com as 9-cloroacridinas. Os produtos obtidos neste trabalho foram purificados por cromatografia em coluna e caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C, no infravermelho (IV), atividade óptica e medidas de ponto de fusão. As análises de atividade óptica mostraram que a quiralidade foi mantida nos intermediários e nos produtos finais sintetizados. Foram realizados ensaios biológicos de inibição das enzimas AChE e BuChE com os compostos quirais disponíveis, e os dímeros da série (R) mostraram ser ativos como inibidores das enzimas. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which causes progressive and irreversible loss of brain functions and currently has no cure and no effective specific treatment. A strategy for palliative treatment of AD is the restoration of neurotransmitter acetylcholine using drugs cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and tacrine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AD. About fifteen years ago, bis(n)-tacrine analogues linked by an alkylene chain were prepared, and it was proved that these dimeric molecules of tacrine offered a much stronger potency and selectivity toward AChE. Bis(7)-tacrine simultaneously binds at both the CAS and the PAS sites and provides a higher selectivity towards AChE over BuChE.. Since then, several dimmers and hybrid compounds containing the nucleus tacrine, have been synthesized and tested as cholinesterase inhibitors. In this work were carried out the syntheses of chiral homodimers and heterodimers of bis-tacrine type, where two nucleus of tacrine with chiral substituents were connected by an alkyl chain as spacer. The Friedländer condensation reaction was performed to obtain the tacrine nucleus, the cycloketone from a chiral terpene source was condensed with an o-aminobenzoic acid in the presence of POCl3, forming 9-chloroacridine intermediates. The chiral cycloketone were obtained from natural monoterpene pulegone, commercially available in (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-) enantiomers. The preparation of homodimers involved the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction between 9-chloroacridines and 1,7-diaminoheptane, which contains the spacer alkyl chain. The synthesis of heterodimers required the preparation of precursor 9-(1,7-diaminoheptyl)-1,2,3,4-tetraydroacridine, containing tacrine nucleus and the amino group separated by spacer chain, for subsequent SNAr reaction with the 9-chloroacridines. The products obtained in this work were purified by column chromatography and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of 1H and 13C, infrared spectroscopy (IR), optical activity and melting point measurements. The analysis of optical activity showed that the chirality was maintained in the intermediate and final products synthesized. Biological assays of inhibition of AChE and BuChE enzymes were performed with chiral compounds. The dimers of (R)-series were active as cholinesterase inhibitors.