The main goal of this research is to understand molecular mechanisms of GAA/TTC-associated genetic instability in a model eukaryotic organism, S. cerevisiae. We demonstrate that expanded GAA/TTC repeats represent a threat to eukaryotic genome integrity by triggering double-strand breaks and gross chromosomal rearrangements. The fragility potential strongly depends on the length of the tracts and orientation of the repeats relative to the replication origin and to block replication fork progression. MutSbeta complex and endonuclease activity of MutLalpha play an important role in facilitation of fragility. In addition to GAA/TTC triplex forming repeats, non-GAA polypurine polypyrimidine mirror repeats that are prone to the formation of similar structures were found to be hotspots for rearrangements in humans and other model organisms. These include H-DNA forming sequences located in the major breakpoint cluster region at BCL2, intron 21 of PKD1, and promoter region of C-MYC. Lastly, we have investigated the effect of the triplex-binding small molecules, azacyanines, on GAA-mediated fragility using the chromosomal arm loss assay. We have found that in vivo, azacyanines stimulate (GAA/TTC)-mediated arm loss in a dose dependent manner in actively dividing cells. Azacyanines treatment enhances the GAA-induced replication arrest. We discovered that also, azacyanines at concentrations that induce fragility also inhibit cell growth. Over 60% of yeast cells are arrested at G2/M stage of the cell cycle. This implies an activation of DNA-damage checkpoint response.

L'ARN interférence (ARNi) est un phénomène découvert en 1998 par lequel la présence d'ARN double brin au sein d'une cellule entraîne la dégradation d'ARN de séquence homologue. L'ARNi est effectué par un complexe ribonucléoprotéique contenant des petits ARN double brin et au moins une protéine de la famille Argonaute. Cette thèse a été consacrée à l'étude de l'ARNi chez le protozoaire Trypanosoma brucei. Nous avons d'abord défini les conditions d'utilisation de l'ARNi au niveau de la spécificité et de l'efficacité, paramètres qui ont servi à l'élaboration d'un logiciel permettant la sélection de l'ARN double brin pour les études fonctionnelles. Ensuite, nous avons recherché plusieurs gènes candidats codant pour des protéines participant à l'ARNi. Le meilleur d'entre eux, TbAGO1, appartient à la famille Argonaute et se caractérise par la présence d'un domaine supplémentaire, capable de lier les ARN. Il est essentiel pour l'ARNi chez le trypanosome. Sa délétion produit des défauts significatifs lors de la mitose et nous avons établi que l'ARNi contribue à la formation du fuseau mitotique et à la ségrégation des chromosomes. Un second phénotype observé en l'absence d'ARNi est la surexpression des ARN de deux types de rétroposons (rétrotransposons sans LTR), sans toutefois augmentation de leur activité de rétroposition. Les deux phénotypes sont indépendants l'un de l'autre. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la présence d'ARN double brin entraîne la destruction d'ARN cible de séquence homologue dans le cytoplasme mais peut aussi conduire à une extinction de la transcription du gène correspondant. Ce type de mécanisme pourrait non seulement contrôler l'expression des ARN des rétroposons, mais aussi celle des gènes dans lesquels ils sont insérés.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 115-127.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-126). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-126). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-105). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Cells must faithfully segregate their chromosomes at division; errors in this process causes cells to inherit an incorrect number of chromosomes, a hallmark of birth defects and cancer. The machinery required to segregate chromosomes is called the spindle, a bipolar array of microtubules that attach to chromosomes through the kinetochore. Replicated chromosomes contain two sister chromatids whose kinetochores must attach to microtubules from opposite poles to ensure correct inheritance of chromosomes. The spindle checkpoint monitors the attachment to the spindle and prevents cell division until all chromatids are attached to opposite poles. Both the spindle and the checkpoint are critical for correct segregation, and we sought to understand the regulation of these two components. The spindle is assembled to a characteristic metaphase length, but it is unknown what determines this length. It has been proposed that spindle length could be regulated a balance of two forces: one generated by interaction between microtubules that elongates the spindle and a second due to interactions between kinetochores and microtubules that shortens the spindle. We tested this force-balance model which predicts that altering the number of kinetochores will alter spindle length. We manipulated the number of kinetochores and found that spindle length scales with the number of kinetochores; introducing extra kinetochores produces shorter spindles and inhibiting kinetochores produces longer spindles. Our results suggest that attachment of chromosomes to the spindle via kinetochores produces an inward force that opposes outward force. We also found that the number of microtubules in the spindle varied with the number of kinetochores. In addition to establishing a spindle, cells must also guarantee that chromosomes are correctly attached to it. Correct attachment generates tension as the chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles but held together by cohesin until anaphase. The spindle checkpoint monitors this tension which causes stretching of chromatin and kinetochores. Lack of tension on activates the checkpoint, but is unknown if the checkpoint measures stretch between kinetochores (inter-kinetochore stretch) or within kinetochores (intra-kinetochore). We tethered sister chromatids together to inhibit inter-kinetochore stretch and found that the checkpoint was not activated. Our results negate inter-kinetochore models and support intra-kinetochore models.

Epistasis describes non-additive interactions which affect gene expression and phenotype. It can happen on multiple levels, including on a genomic level with interactions between genes or even chromosomes affecting global patterns of gene expression. It can also happen within a gene itself, with epistatic interactions between amino acids affecting gene expression and resultant phenotypes. I present three studies in two organisms to study this phenomenon on a global-genomic scale, and also on a local-genic scale.