Access to affordable housing in well-located areas across Cape Town is a pressing issue faced by low-income households. Attempts have been made at addressing the issue through affordable and free housing subsidies being implemented, but these have not improved access to opportunities for low-income households. These land distribution patterns are a result of recycled apartheid policies perpetuated by an unequal urban land market that does not allow low-income groups to participate. This research focuses on the spatial fragmentation of apartheid planning and its effect on low-income households in accessing subsidised housing in well-located areas. Through the collation of a spatial development framework, this study addresses the accessibility to affordable housing for low-income households by utilising state-owned land at Youngsfield Military Base and Royal Cape Golf Course in Wetton and Ottery, suburbs bordering the southern suburbs and Cape Flats district. The research process began with a spatial analysis which outlined the metropolitan, sub-metropolitan and site context for potential affordable housing development on well-located state-owned land. This supplied a detailed context for the needs of the site, the environmental context and confirmed the good location of the study area in relation to opportunity areas. Spatial design principles were then chosen to inform the creation of a quality urban environment with high-density mixed-use affordable housing and other economic and amenity opportunities. Relevant housing policies were analysed and ample existing policies were found which address affordable housing implementation in South Africa. Unfortunately, other affordable housing options such as social housing and subsidised loan housing are happening at a slower pace than Breaking New Ground (BNG) subsidised housing. Precedents of affordable and social housing were identified, many of which have been successfully implemented, but some still lack the incorporation of essential spatial concepts that create quality urban environments in residential developments. The concept proposal plan illustrated the use of literature and key spatial concepts informing the development of the site. Essential aspects of development were calculated to facilitate thorough planning for public facilities, public transport and affordable housing implementation. The research included an implementation section which identified the relevant stakeholders who would be engaged with during the planning process and affordable housing implementation. Using the package of plans process, the site was divided into precincts to easily streamline the development of the entire site. Appropriate social housing institutes and affordable housing companies were considered as possible institutions to manage and partially fund developments. Feasibility of cross-subsidisation was considered as a major option during implementation of the long-term phasing of the development. The research and implementation illustrates that by using existing policies and appropriate stakeholders and institutions efficiently, the creation of quality urban environments for affordable housing is possible. With the proper city officials in place and the political will for the development, housing developments on this scale can provide large numbers of affordable housing opportunities in better located areas.

There is a spatial dislocation between jobs and people in Cape Town, which is largely caused by financial exclusion through urban land markets. The majority of low-income households - who also constitute the majority of the city's population - live on the urban periphery, where property is affordable but opportunities are scarce. This places the burden of high transport costs on the shoulders of those least able to pay, and reinforces the patterns of segregation imposed by apartheid. This deep-rooted spatial inequality has recently been brought to the fore through a series of housing-related protests by Reclaim The City and others. These movements prove that the need for well-located, affordable housing is only getting more urgent. If Cape Town is to overcome the spatial legacy of apartheid, it needs more affordable housing in areas of economic and social opportunity. This dissertation demonstrates how affordable housing can be provided in one well-located, inner-city site: The Foreshore. Situated in the City Bowl, the Foreshore is close to the abundance of employment opportunities and social facilities of this established and growing district. Further, the City of Cape Town has recently begun a tender process for development of the Foreshore. This included a request (albeit vague) for affordable housing to be included in the resulting project. Building on the City's intentions, this dissertation presents a spatial development framework for the Foreshore site that prioritises affordable housing and a mix of uses. The need for affordable, inner-city housing was established through an analysis of Cape Town and the City Bowl. Through this analysis, the Foreshore emerged as a prime site for fulfilling this need. A review of housing policy and legislation, together with an assessment of Cape Town's housing market, determined that Social Housing is the best model for achieving sustainable affordability in an urban context. However, it was found that the involvement of private sector is crucial to realising developments that are feasible and diverse. Further, it is important to take a demand-driven approach to housing delivery, which is sensitive to market nuances and which draws on a range of spatial planning principles. This helps to create holistic, liveable neighbourhooods. These principles were demonstrated in the spatial development framework for the Foreshore. This showed that developing the Foreshore presents an opportunity to reintegrate society, and to reconnect the city to the sea. It is possible to develop 8500 residential units in the site, most of which would be affordable to households earning R3500 to R15000 per month. To achieve this, it is vital that the elevated freeways be replaced with ground-level roads, which will in fact reduce traffic congestion. The city's historical connection to the sea should be restored by reconstructing the Adderley Pier and creating a Foreshore promenade. Realising these projects in manner that is feasible, sustainable, and socially just would require an efficient and tactical implementation process. Discussions with experts in the field of affordable housing development revealed some key implementation strategies for this. These included the package of plans process, land value capture, and the strategic use and release of state-owned land. Together, these would enable the controlled involvement of private sector in the Foreshore development, and would help to find the project's infrastructure. These findings are not entirely exclusive to the Foreshore, and could therefore give guidance to affordable housing projects in other parts of the City Bowl. Therefore, developing the Foreshore to prioritise affordable housing could initiate the socio-spatial reintegration of Cape Town's fragmented city centre.

Bibliography: p. 230-231.

Bibliography: leaves 110-120. / Over time, the lack of coherent thought concerning the potential roles of urban open spaces has resulted in the necessity of urban management to become vigilant with regard to the collective aspects of city life. Urban open spaces are especially significant in this regard. In giving attention to the scale, continuity, distribution and status of public open space in Cape Town and indeed, in all South African urban centres, developing the role of public spaces in the lives of the urban poor is especially crucial. This study examines the concept of the ability of multifunctional urban open space in playing the role of a socio-economic developmental tool. In this endeavour, two fundamental approaches are used. The first investigates the significance of open space and examines the history of open space and park development. Cases of successful park developments are presented so as to identify central conceptual ideas and certain key success factors. The second uses a local park proposal, the Cape Flats Urban Park, as an instrument with which to explore the concept. This involves integrating the notions of natural process needs and human needs so as to inform use. Accordingly, a natural systems analysis discovers the particular ecological needs of the area through factors of opportunity and constraint and a potential park user analysis discovers the characteristics and needs of human users, in order to discern what role the urban park could play in enabling socio-economic development and improving quality of life. Consequently, resultant guidelines for planning successful multifunctional open spaces are summarised, and further considerations and guiding principles for multifunctional open space planning are presented. These insights are applied and determine broad distributional tendencies, which may assist towards the creation of a successful plan for the Cape Flats Urban Park and other open spaces. The procedure in which these investigations were followed through was primarily through an extensive literature survey, supplemented by personal observation, map surveys and informal interviews. The findings of this study endorse the proposal for a multifunctional Cape Flats Urban Park, as this park could play conservation, resource preservation, flood control, productive, economic, ceremonial, cultural, educational, health improving, recreational and community-building roles. As such, urban open spaces have the potential to become multifaceted resources, with both intangible and tangible benefits for nature and for people, all of which can improve the quality of life for city dwellers, by improving the quality of the environment in which they live.

After nearly two decades of democracy, South African cities remain inequitable, exclusionary and spatially inefficient. This dissertation argues that the adaption of the principles of modernism by apartheid spatial planning has resulted in the formation of settlements that are characterised by sprawl, separation and fragmentation. Using Cape Town as a study, it can be demonstrated that the urban form and structure of South African cities has been affected by urbanisation and in-migration furthermore increasing levels of poverty and unemployment have had significant social, environmental and financial consequences. Therefore, in order to challenge conventional development models in the city and to achieve inclusive growth, this dissertation makes a case for urban corridor intensification in Cape Town. By working across a number of site scales, from metropolitan to precinct scale, this dissertation presents a development framework for the Voortrekker Road Corridor. This framework argues for the intensification of the "economic backbone" of the metropolitan to spatially restructure the city's inefficient and inequitable form. This framework proposes that the spatial intensification of the Voortrekker Road Corridor will improve integration and equitable access to economic and social opportunities throughout the city. Therefore, this dissertation establishes a framework to enable choice, opportunity and spatial equity in Cape Town.

Post-apartheid Cape Town is characterized largely by a sprawling and inequitable city form. Well-located land within the city tends to be expensive, and as a result the majority of poor residents have to travel long and time-consuming distances to employment opportunities, often spending close to half their monthly income on commuting. Current development patterns largely perpetuate this situation. Whilst non-motorized transport (NMT) often presents as a potentially equitable and efficient form of mobility, the context of long distance commuting coupled with a lack of NMT-specific connected infrastructure within metropolitan Cape Town is not conducive to NMT. The challenges and corresponding Interventions required to enable wellfunctioning NMT within cities broadly, and within the City of Cape Town in particular were explored through a variety of literature drawing on precedent from around the world, a review of NMT-related policy, and interviews with city officials and NGOs involved in promoting NMT. These challenges and interventions were then investigated in a particular context, namely the 'Northern inner' district of Cape Town, whereafter specific interventions were proposed. Key findings regarding the implementation of well-functioning NMT (and cycling in particular) indicate that there are a number of interconnected factors that need to be considered beyond the provision of NMT-specific infrastructure. At the metropolitan level, by developing high-density affordable housing opportunities in well-located areas, more compact environments with increased proximity between origins and destinations can be created. Such environments are far better suited to NMT. This can in turn begin to address the inequitable and inefficient current city form. NMT-specific infrastructure is of course very important in all NMT-enabling development (and particularly for cycling), and as such the equitable provision of NMT-prioritized intersections, paths and lanes in relation to infrastructure for motorized transport are very important. Finally, intermodal linkages between NMT and public transport, crime reduction through strategic placement and design of NMT infrastructure, and promotion of visibility and awareness of the value of NMT through public awareness campaigns constitute broader required interventions to enable well-functioning NMT. Regarding implementation, given the multiple interconnected factors involved in creating well-functioning NMT, it is important that the proposed interventions take place simultaneously, through an integrated inter-departmental approach.

The Land Restitution Act 22 of 1994 affords historically dispossessed person to return areas from which they were forcibly removed. With a focus on urban restitution this dissertation looks at why the restitution of land in District Six has been slow and fraught with frustrations and delays. This dissertation assess the participatory planning processes in the restitution and redevelopment of land in order to gain nuanced and deeper understanding of why, the state's ideal of restorative justice has not been realised. Through a qualitative research approach, the study focuses on the case of District Six, studying the spaces of participation from 1994 -2013. Findings reveal that many want a stake in District Six, none more so than the community themselves. The findings reveal how state-led spaces of participation remain tokenistic in nature and on the other hand community led spaces of participation offers historically marginalised groups an opportunity to realise their rights. Recommendations are aimed at how planners can intervene to improve these spaces and contribute to making more inclusionary spaces.

South African cities, similarly to other cities across the Global South, experience high levels of food insecurity. Urban food insecurity is particularly prevalent in lowincome households, with 72% of households in low-income urban areas in Cape Town identified as food insecure in a 2013 African Food Security Network survey. In the context of rising urbanisation, poverty, and unemployment levels this issue is expected to increase into the future in the absence of proactive intervention. Despite the severity of the issue, urban food insecurity continues to be largely neglected by planners and policymakers. This invisibility can be attributed mainly to the persistence of the popular conceptualisation of food insecurity as an issue of production, resulting in a focus on increased rural food production and urban agriculture as the panacea for food insecurity. This limited rural and productionist framing has resulted in a persistent neglect of the dimensions of access in food security, specifically in urban settings. This neglect has included the invisibility of the contribution that informal trade makes to urban food security through supporting access to food. Through the case study of the Bellville Station Precinct in Cape Town, I argue that informal food traders are playing a crucial role in supporting urban food security through enabling greater access to food for economically stressed urban residents. This argument is made through the exploration of the extent that these traders are using various entitlement enhancing strategies that support physical and economic access as well as access to viable food options that cater to food preferences. Based on the understanding and acknowledgement that informal food traders, in this case, are supporting access to food for economically stressed users of the space, I then explore the role that spatial planning should play in leveraging this contribution. This is done through exploring the myriad of challenges faced by the traders currently in making this important contribution, and specifically through highlighting how this role has been undermined by the way the City has interacted with, intervened in and managed the space. While the research reveals a reality where traders currently face a myriad of compounding and growing challenges, I argue that a different path is possible. This path necessitates spatial planners acknowledging and valuing the contribution of informal trade to urban food access as the basis for taking responsibility for protecting, supporting and maximising it. This is explored through a three-pronged supportive planning proposal for the precinct. Firstly, this proposal includes necessary legislative and institutional changes. Secondly, it provides a spatial design concept for how food trade could be spatially priorotised as the precinct develops through the provision of a system of supportive infrastructure. Lastly, the proposal outlines a transition to a form of management that is grounded in collaboration and facilitation through the gradual rebuilding of trust between stakeholders. In this way, this dissertation provides an indication of the form that context-specific food sensitive panning could take in the case of the Bellville Station Precinct.

Includes bibliographical references. / This study explores how community participation contributes to the success of a local environmental sustainability project. In order to avoid approaching sustainability and community participation using the “silo approach,” I established an integrated framework of community participation and sustainability based on a review of relevant literature. I established assessment criteria and analysed the Green Living DC case study against these criteria in order to answer my primary and secondary research questions. As a case study, Green Living DC uses community participation to complete environmental sustainability projects. Primarily, I used the case study methods research to address theories in practice. I collected secondary quantitative data about the community demographics and local environmental quality. I collected qualitative data about local environmental sustainability projects though semi-structured individual interviews with members of Green Living DC. I put forth recommendations based on a synthesis of the research findings with the theoretical framework of sustainability and community participation. My research findings indicate that community participation should be a requirement of environmental sustainability projects. Although no two projects are exactly the same, optimum participation should be decided on within each project framework. Communities should define their own idea of “success,” suitable for their specific context. I also put forth recommendations for NGOs implementing environmental sustainability projects. Ultimately, NGOs can benefit and serve to bridge the gap between local government and citizens in implementing environmental sustainability projects.

Includes bibliographical references. / This paper investigates the night-time economy (NTE) present in Cape Town, focusing on Long Street as its spatialized case, to ascertain the credibility of it becoming a 24 hour (24-h) city. A diverse and vibrant NTE is seen as the foundation of a 24-h city which is inclusive of the broader community. The concept, originally developed in the United Kingdom (UK) as the 24-h planning policy-package, sought to create active city centres at night by embracing a neoliberal approach to managing the NTE. This package revolved around getting people into the city centre at night, as well as promoting their participation in the NTE. This was meant to be achieved by the deregulation of liquor laws and some amendment of municipal by-laws. However, the policy-package had the opposite effect, and resulted in the proliferation of youthful adults engaged in acts of transgression and anti-social behaviours. Consequently, the broader community was driven away from city centres at night as they became designated spaces of ‘patterned liminality' -- when social order dissolved and transgressions were normalised. The research, conducted using a case study method, is comprised of primary and secondary data. This includes evidence from 16 interviews, a photo essay, and infield observations which together indicate that there are distinct parallels between the alcohol-fuelled and youth-dominated NTEs in the UK and the NTE found in Long Street. The research concludes that Long Street has become a space of ‘patterned liminality' where anti-social behaviour is acted out, resulting in an exclusionary effect for the broader community. In light of this evidence Cape Town can make no claim to be a true 24-h city. The dissertation concludes by suggesting recommendations aimed at creating a more inclusive NTE aligned with the 24-h city ideals. These include: temporary pedestrianisation, the extension of retail trading hours, amendment the Western Cape Liquor Act of 2008 to include a saturation point for liquor licences in a specified area, investigation of the feasibility of a night market, promotion of cultural events not centred around drinking, and ensuring that Long Street is a well-lit space at night.