Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis is a prosopographical study of the wives of the clergy in England and Normandy from 1050 to 1150. After the Norman Conquest of England (1066), both regions shared an elite ruling class and the churches shared personnel. However, the different social and political contexts of the English and Norman churches ensured very different responses to the drive to impose clerical celibacy. The overwhelming majority of women associated with clergy can be considered wives; there is no evidence of widespread clerical concubinage. Where women can be identified, it could be inferred that wives came from similar social groups as their husbands. All evidence suggests that clergymen’s marriages remained valid and their children were not made illegitimate by the decretals of the First Lateran Council (1123) or Second Lateran Council (1139) as current scholarship assumes. Clergymen continued to marry because clerical marriage remained the norm. Daughters continued to find appropriate marriages. The position of priests’ sons deteriorated overall, but the difficulties they faced varied from place to place and over time. Married clergy remained a significant presence, at every grade from bishop to parish priest throughout the first hundred years of reform on both sides of the Channel. Clerical celibacy was a divisive issue before 1100 in Normandy, but was never as important in England. Married clergy in England do not appear to have suffered the same degree of pressure as married clergy in Normandy. The effect of the Norman Conquest is an underestimated factor in modern scholarship on clerical celibacy. Overall, the modern narrative of clerical celibacy and priestly marriage needs to be grounded in the political and social context of each region, traced over time and reframed in order to reflect the lived experience of priests, their wives and their families.

Since the late nineteenth century, clerical work has transformed from a small cluster of respected occupations dominated by men to a rapidly changing group of occupations 90 percent of which are held by women. Due to bureaucratization and the feminization of clerical work, clerical jobs are assumed to be routinized and simple, and clerical workers deemed easily replaceable. With further changes to the occupation caused by technology and globalization, clerical workers today have become increasingly vulnerable to unemployment, precarious employment and underemployment. In this research, an Ontario-wide survey with approximately 1200 respondents (including 120 clerical workers) and in-depth interviews with 23 Toronto clerical workers were combined to explore the employment situation of Ontario clerical workers. It is apparent that clerical workers are underemployed along all measured conventional dimensions of underemployment, including credential, performance and subjective as well as work permanence, salary levels and job opportunities. Relational practice is a largely unexamined aspect of clerical work that is often essentialized as a female trait and seldom recognized as skilled practice. In this dissertation, I argue that relational practice is critical to the successful performance of clerical roles and that relational practices are not innate but rather learned skills. I explore some ways in which clerical workers acquire these skills. I conclude by noting that recognizing and valuing relational skills will make the value of clerical workers more apparent to their employers, potentially reducing for clerical workers both their subjective sense of underemployment and their vulnerability to job loss.

Since the late nineteenth century, clerical work has transformed from a small cluster of respected occupations dominated by men to a rapidly changing group of occupations 90 percent of which are held by women. Due to bureaucratization and the feminization of clerical work, clerical jobs are assumed to be routinized and simple, and clerical workers deemed easily replaceable. With further changes to the occupation caused by technology and globalization, clerical workers today have become increasingly vulnerable to unemployment, precarious employment and underemployment. In this research, an Ontario-wide survey with approximately 1200 respondents (including 120 clerical workers) and in-depth interviews with 23 Toronto clerical workers were combined to explore the employment situation of Ontario clerical workers. It is apparent that clerical workers are underemployed along all measured conventional dimensions of underemployment, including credential, performance and subjective as well as work permanence, salary levels and job opportunities. Relational practice is a largely unexamined aspect of clerical work that is often essentialized as a female trait and seldom recognized as skilled practice. In this dissertation, I argue that relational practice is critical to the successful performance of clerical roles and that relational practices are not innate but rather learned skills. I explore some ways in which clerical workers acquire these skills. I conclude by noting that recognizing and valuing relational skills will make the value of clerical workers more apparent to their employers, potentially reducing for clerical workers both their subjective sense of underemployment and their vulnerability to job loss.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1963. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-242).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Sociology, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-190).

The focus of the thesis is on a comparison of management job descriptions with accounts of knowledge and skill requirements in clerical work, using a set of eleven dimensions. Three jobs occupied by women are investigated. The organizations vary from a small, private-interest office to a large public bureaucracy. Case one is an administrative clerk from a trade association. The second case is a clerk-stenographer from a planning department of a municipality. The final case is an accounts payable clerk from a linen supply company. Data for analysis come from interview and observation records. The emphasis of the investigation is on the ingenuity with which these employees carry out their work. It was found that the clerks require more skills than are officially recognized. In all cases management underestimated the skills required, and the contribution the women make to the organization. Official job descriptions are a product of rationalistic practices, and yet it is argued that they are also expressions of patriarchal ideology. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This study was an analysis of the hiring procedures and job requirements for beginning clerical workers in selected firms in Belton and Temple, Texas. The study specifically attempted to determine the minimum employment standards for clerical workers and to determine the procedures used in screening applicants for employment.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-28T17:29:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMFB.pdf: 1235215 bytes, checksum: 727f81aafd1272c5a4e6faf3b51d618d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-03T20:09:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMFB.pdf: 1235215 bytes, checksum: 727f81aafd1272c5a4e6faf3b51d618d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-03T20:09:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMFB.pdf: 1235215 bytes, checksum: 727f81aafd1272c5a4e6faf3b51d618d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T20:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMFB.pdf: 1235215 bytes, checksum: 727f81aafd1272c5a4e6faf3b51d618d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Não recebi financiamento / This research studies by Oral History of Life, recordkeeping and theoretical procedures of sociology of religion, the political actions of married priests and their wives from the Administrative Institute of Jesus the Good Shepherd (IAJES) in the context of the military dictatorship between 1970 and 1985, under influence of the Liberation`s Theology, and the operation of the base ecclesial communities (BECs), between its begginig and endind period (1969-1996) in the Alto Paraná region, in the cities of Andradina-SP and Três Lagoas-MS, organizing and constituting religious and politic militancy in the region and in Brazil in the past, and currently remains through branches as the Married Priests Movement of Brazil (MPC). For this we analyzed the organizational structure of IAJES and MPC, its operation and how do they positioned in front of the church`s symbolism in relation to married priests and their wifes. Thus, we analyze the break with clerical celibacy imposed by the priestly-traditional catholic power and its legitimation and distinctions in contemporary Brazil. / Esta dissertação aborda, por um lado, as ações políticas dos padres casados e suas esposas do Instituto Administrativo Jesus Bom Pastor (IAJES), no contexto da ditadura militar entre 1970 a 1985, sob influência da Teologia da Libertação e o funcionamento das comunidades eclesiais de base (CEBs), tendo o período de formação e término do Instituto (1969 a 1996) na região do Alto Paraná, nos municípios de Andradina-SP e Três Lagoas-MS. Por outro lado, o trabalho se volta para a condição de tais indivíduos atualmente, verificando os desdobramentos da militância religiosa e política na região e o desenvolvimento do Movimento de Padres Casados do Brasil (MPC). Para isso analisou-se a estrutura organizacional do IAJES e do MPC, seu funcionamento e como se posiciona diante da simbologia da igreja em relação aos padres casados e suas esposas. O trabalho decorre da análise do rompimento de indivíduos com o celibato clerical e suas formas contemporâneas de legitimação.