Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. / Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-131).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Plant Science. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/12/09). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-56).

Dissertation (PhD (Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Isoflavonas são compostos fenólicos de ocorrência principalmente na família Leguminosae, utilizados, entre outros, como alternativa para a reposição hormonal em mulheres no período pós-menopausa, devido a sua ação estrogênica seletiva. Em vista disso, foi investigada a presença das isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A em 153 espécies de Leguminosas nativas do Rio Grande do Sul através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Destas, 42 espécies apresentaram ao menos uma das quatro isoflavonas investigadas. Pertencente à família Leguminosae, o gênero Trifolium é encontrado em quase toda a zona temperada e subtropical do mundo, sendo que a espécie Trifolium riograndense é nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A foram quantificadas nesta espécie, que apresentou 0,187 mg de daidzeína; 0,223 mg de genisteína; 16,683 mg de formononetina e 1,207 mg de biochanina A (por grama de amostra seca). A parte da planta com maior concentração de isoflavonas foi a folha, com 7,331 mg por grama de amostra seca, e a parte da planta com menor teor destas isoflavonas foi a raiz, com 2,806 mg por grama de amostra seca. Formononetina foi a isoflavona majoritária em todas as partes da planta analisadas. Ainda, foram realizados ensaios de atividade antiinflamatória do extrato das folhas de Trifolium riograndense. Foram utilizados os modelos de quimiotaxia in vitro em câmara de Boyden e indução de edema em pata de ratos, utilizando a carragenina como agente flogístico. Pelo ensaio de quimiotaxia, verificou-se que o extrato das folhas do trevo em estudo apresentou inibição da migração leucocitária de forma significativa em diversas concentrações testadas. Através do ensaio de edema em pata de rato, verificou-se que a administração por via oral de extrato de Trifolium riograndense em ratos, na dose de 100 mg/kg, inibiu a formação do edema provocado pela carragenina, significativamente. / Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds of Leguminosae Family. They are used as alternative therapy for treating symptoms of the menopause, due their selective action in oestrogenic receptors. So, the presence of isoflavones daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A was investigated in 153 species of the Leguminosae Family that are natives of South Brazil, by high performance liquid chromatography. Forty two species showed at least one of four investigated isoflavones. The genus Trifolium belongs to Leguminosae Family. It is found in temperate and subtropical regions in the world. Trifolium riograndense is a species native of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. The isoflavone content in this species was 0.187 mg g-1 of dry material (DM) to daidzein; 0.223 mg g-1 of DM to genistein; 16.683 mg g-1 of DM to formononetin, and 1.207 mg g-1 of DM to biochanin A. The leaf was the part of the plant with more isoflavone content, 7.331 mg of DM. The root was the part with less isoflavone content, 2.806 mg of DM. The majority isoflavone in all parts was formononetin. The dry extract of leaves of Trifolium riograndense was submitted to biological tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by Boyden chamber assay, it allowed observe chemotaxis phenomenon, and by induced rat paw oedema using carrageenan as flogistic agent. Through chemotaxis model, potential activity could be observed to extract of Trifolium riograndense. In the induced rat paw oedema test, a significantly inhibition of oedema was observed in the animals treated with extract of Trifolium riograndense (100 mg/kg).

Isoflavonas são compostos fenólicos de ocorrência principalmente na família Leguminosae, utilizados, entre outros, como alternativa para a reposição hormonal em mulheres no período pós-menopausa, devido a sua ação estrogênica seletiva. Em vista disso, foi investigada a presença das isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A em 153 espécies de Leguminosas nativas do Rio Grande do Sul através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Destas, 42 espécies apresentaram ao menos uma das quatro isoflavonas investigadas. Pertencente à família Leguminosae, o gênero Trifolium é encontrado em quase toda a zona temperada e subtropical do mundo, sendo que a espécie Trifolium riograndense é nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A foram quantificadas nesta espécie, que apresentou 0,187 mg de daidzeína; 0,223 mg de genisteína; 16,683 mg de formononetina e 1,207 mg de biochanina A (por grama de amostra seca). A parte da planta com maior concentração de isoflavonas foi a folha, com 7,331 mg por grama de amostra seca, e a parte da planta com menor teor destas isoflavonas foi a raiz, com 2,806 mg por grama de amostra seca. Formononetina foi a isoflavona majoritária em todas as partes da planta analisadas. Ainda, foram realizados ensaios de atividade antiinflamatória do extrato das folhas de Trifolium riograndense. Foram utilizados os modelos de quimiotaxia in vitro em câmara de Boyden e indução de edema em pata de ratos, utilizando a carragenina como agente flogístico. Pelo ensaio de quimiotaxia, verificou-se que o extrato das folhas do trevo em estudo apresentou inibição da migração leucocitária de forma significativa em diversas concentrações testadas. Através do ensaio de edema em pata de rato, verificou-se que a administração por via oral de extrato de Trifolium riograndense em ratos, na dose de 100 mg/kg, inibiu a formação do edema provocado pela carragenina, significativamente. / Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds of Leguminosae Family. They are used as alternative therapy for treating symptoms of the menopause, due their selective action in oestrogenic receptors. So, the presence of isoflavones daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A was investigated in 153 species of the Leguminosae Family that are natives of South Brazil, by high performance liquid chromatography. Forty two species showed at least one of four investigated isoflavones. The genus Trifolium belongs to Leguminosae Family. It is found in temperate and subtropical regions in the world. Trifolium riograndense is a species native of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. The isoflavone content in this species was 0.187 mg g-1 of dry material (DM) to daidzein; 0.223 mg g-1 of DM to genistein; 16.683 mg g-1 of DM to formononetin, and 1.207 mg g-1 of DM to biochanin A. The leaf was the part of the plant with more isoflavone content, 7.331 mg of DM. The root was the part with less isoflavone content, 2.806 mg of DM. The majority isoflavone in all parts was formononetin. The dry extract of leaves of Trifolium riograndense was submitted to biological tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by Boyden chamber assay, it allowed observe chemotaxis phenomenon, and by induced rat paw oedema using carrageenan as flogistic agent. Through chemotaxis model, potential activity could be observed to extract of Trifolium riograndense. In the induced rat paw oedema test, a significantly inhibition of oedema was observed in the animals treated with extract of Trifolium riograndense (100 mg/kg).

Isoflavonas são compostos fenólicos de ocorrência principalmente na família Leguminosae, utilizados, entre outros, como alternativa para a reposição hormonal em mulheres no período pós-menopausa, devido a sua ação estrogênica seletiva. Em vista disso, foi investigada a presença das isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A em 153 espécies de Leguminosas nativas do Rio Grande do Sul através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Destas, 42 espécies apresentaram ao menos uma das quatro isoflavonas investigadas. Pertencente à família Leguminosae, o gênero Trifolium é encontrado em quase toda a zona temperada e subtropical do mundo, sendo que a espécie Trifolium riograndense é nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As isoflavonas daidzeína, genisteína, formononetina e biochanina A foram quantificadas nesta espécie, que apresentou 0,187 mg de daidzeína; 0,223 mg de genisteína; 16,683 mg de formononetina e 1,207 mg de biochanina A (por grama de amostra seca). A parte da planta com maior concentração de isoflavonas foi a folha, com 7,331 mg por grama de amostra seca, e a parte da planta com menor teor destas isoflavonas foi a raiz, com 2,806 mg por grama de amostra seca. Formononetina foi a isoflavona majoritária em todas as partes da planta analisadas. Ainda, foram realizados ensaios de atividade antiinflamatória do extrato das folhas de Trifolium riograndense. Foram utilizados os modelos de quimiotaxia in vitro em câmara de Boyden e indução de edema em pata de ratos, utilizando a carragenina como agente flogístico. Pelo ensaio de quimiotaxia, verificou-se que o extrato das folhas do trevo em estudo apresentou inibição da migração leucocitária de forma significativa em diversas concentrações testadas. Através do ensaio de edema em pata de rato, verificou-se que a administração por via oral de extrato de Trifolium riograndense em ratos, na dose de 100 mg/kg, inibiu a formação do edema provocado pela carragenina, significativamente. / Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds of Leguminosae Family. They are used as alternative therapy for treating symptoms of the menopause, due their selective action in oestrogenic receptors. So, the presence of isoflavones daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A was investigated in 153 species of the Leguminosae Family that are natives of South Brazil, by high performance liquid chromatography. Forty two species showed at least one of four investigated isoflavones. The genus Trifolium belongs to Leguminosae Family. It is found in temperate and subtropical regions in the world. Trifolium riograndense is a species native of Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. The isoflavone content in this species was 0.187 mg g-1 of dry material (DM) to daidzein; 0.223 mg g-1 of DM to genistein; 16.683 mg g-1 of DM to formononetin, and 1.207 mg g-1 of DM to biochanin A. The leaf was the part of the plant with more isoflavone content, 7.331 mg of DM. The root was the part with less isoflavone content, 2.806 mg of DM. The majority isoflavone in all parts was formononetin. The dry extract of leaves of Trifolium riograndense was submitted to biological tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by Boyden chamber assay, it allowed observe chemotaxis phenomenon, and by induced rat paw oedema using carrageenan as flogistic agent. Through chemotaxis model, potential activity could be observed to extract of Trifolium riograndense. In the induced rat paw oedema test, a significantly inhibition of oedema was observed in the animals treated with extract of Trifolium riograndense (100 mg/kg).

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cvs 'Altaswede' (2n=2X=14) and 'Norseman' (2n=4X=28) were used in the present study to investigate tissue culture initiation, plant regeneration and the occurrence of somaclonal variation. Hypocotyl explants of aseptic seedlings were inoculated into L2 medium containing 0.06 mg/1 Picloram and 0.1 mg/1 benzyladenine for callus induction. Calli were usually induced after two weeks of culture. Callus induction frequency was 60% to 85% of the explants cultured with 'Altaswede' showing a slightly higher frequency than 'Norseman'. Satisfactory results were obtained under dark or light conditions using either test tubes or petri plates, as culture vessels. After callus induction, an experiment was conducted to regulate shoot induction by subculturing the calli on L2 medium containing 0.01 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2 mg/1 adenine (LSE) and on B₅ medium containing 2 mg/1 naphthalene acetic acid and 2 mg/1 adenine, media which have been reported to be shoot-supportive. However, both media failed to initiate shoots under the present experimental conditions. Further tests confirmed that LSE medium did not induce shoots from these calli and that callus growth on LSE medium steadily deteriorated over several subcultures. Subsequently, various media were tested with an emphasis on different combinations of growth regulators. Root differentiation from these calli was frequently observed. Shoots were initiated from some calli when they were transferred from SCP medium to media containing naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin. Embryogenic callus of one genotype was selected and maintained on LSP medium, leading to the regeneration of numerous plants. Supplementation with arginine, glutamic acid and casein hydrolysate did not show a significant effect on callus growth and differentiation. The source of callus influenced rates of growth and the occurrence of differentiation. Usually 'Norseman' calli grew faster and produced more roots than 'Altaswede' calli, while shoots were induced only from 'Altaswede' calli. Although 'Norseman' had more shoot tips induced to produce multiple shoots, the multiple shoot number per culture of 'Altaswede' was higher than that of 'Norseman'. Shoot tip cultures were also established to induce multiple shoots and to regenerate plants via root organogenesis. Regenerants from initial multiple shoots (RG1), multiple shoots after two subcultures (RG2), three-month calli (RG3) and one-year calli (RG4) were evaluated for chromosome number stability, morphology and several biochemical traits. When 'Altaswede' plants were analysed for chromosome number, RG1 and RG3 plants were normal, while one RG2 plant and 23% of 119 RG4 plants had tetraploid chromosome numbers. Regenerated plants were quite stable regarding their isozyme patterns of malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and shikimate dehydrogenase and their nodule leghaemoglobin profiles. Morphologically, the leaflet length to width ratio of RG1, RG2 and RG3 plants of 'Altaswede' showed significantly more variation than control plants (P≤0.01), while RG4 plants of 'Altaswede' and RG1 and RG2 plants of 'Norseman' were not different from control plants. It is suggested that the absence of detectable differences in the RG4 'Altaswede' plants was a consequence of their origin from one original genotype. Variability and stability of regenerated plants are discussed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Clover root curculio (CRC) is a pest of alfalfa where larvae feed belowground damaging alfalfa roots. Regional knowledge of CRC activity and biology is limited making the development of pest management strategies difficult. One potential management technique for soil-dwelling pests is the use of biofumigant containing cover crops. Biofumigation can affect the survival and behavior of pest insects. However, biofumigant crops have not been evaluated against CRC or as a rotational crop compatible with alfalfa. The goals of this research were to determine 1) phenology, population sizes, and root damage severity of CRC occurring in the Intermountain region and 2) the direct and indirect suppressive effects of biofumigant cover crop incorporations on CRC and its agronomic compatibility in rotation with alfalfa. First, I observed that larval activity occurred from mid-spring to mid-summer and local larval densities were generally lower than those reported in the eastern U.S. Adult CRC began emerging from the soil in mid-summer having two population peaks. After the second fall peak of adults was when most eggs were deposited which continued through early winter. CRC damage to taproots was cumulative, increasing as stands age, with most damage occurring in the first few years of stand life and mostly occurring in the top 20 cm of roots. While the incorporation of biofumigant crops appeared to be compatible with alfalfa and did not negatively affect yield, in field trials, biofumigation did not suppress CRC, disrupt egg laying, or decrease feeding damage. In one greenhouse trial, biofumigants significantly suppressed adult feeding rates more than non-biofumigant plants but the effect was not consistent. Biofumigant incorporation timing, for field trials in particular, may have contributed to the lack of CRC suppression. Overall, my research provides a better understanding of CRC phenology and activity in northern Utah and will assist in improving the timing of management approaches in alfalfa.