Neste trabalho foram realizadas as moagens da cinza pesada de carvão mineral nos tempos de 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32h e 64h para desenvolvimento do compósito Cinza- 20Fe contendo 80% de cinza pesada moída e 20% de pó de ferro. As amostras foram compactadas com diferentes pressões, variando entre 300 a 400 N/mm2 e posteriormente sinterizadas a 1500 °C, seguindo as etapas da metalurgia do pó convencional. A determinação do tamanho de partículas das amostras após a moagem foi realizada por difração a laser. A análise microscópica mostrou que com o aumento do tempo de moagem resultou em uma maior deformação e/ou fragmentação das partículas. A microestrutura dos corpos de prova e a homogeneidade da cinza nos diferentes tempos de moagem foram avaliadas utilizando-se Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). Em seguida foi feita a compactação e obteve-se a curva de compressibilidade. Também determinou-se a densidade aparente e a densidade à verde. Realizou-se a sinterização e foi verificada a densidade das amostras sinterizadas. Mediu-se a microdureza, realizouse o ensaio de MEV e EDS da amostra sinterizada. Os melhores resultados para o compósito Cinza-20Fe foram conseguidos para o tempo de 32 horas de moagem, onde foi obtida uma boa densificação. Tempos de moagem maiores que 32 horas foram prejudiciais nas propriedades do material. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível a obtenção de compósitos a partir da cinza pesada. / In this work the miling of coal bottom ash was performed in times of 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32 h and 64 h for the development of ash - 20Fe composite containing 80% bottom ash and 20 % milled iron powder. Samples they were compressed with a pressures ranging from 300 to 400 N/mm2 and then sintered at 1500°C, following the steps of conventional powder metallurgy. The determination of the particle size after grinding of the samples was performed by laser diffraction. Microscopic analysis showed that with increasing milling time resulted in a greater deformation and / or fragmentation of the particles. The microstructure of the specimens and the homogeneity of the ashes in different milling times were evaluated using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the compression tests was permormed and the curve was obtained. We also determined the apparent density and the green density. Sintering was performed and the density of the sintered samples. Microhardness, SEM and EDS test analyses of the sintered samples were performed. The best results for the composite ash- 20Fe was achieved for the time of 32 hours grinding, which achieved a good densification . Times greater than 32 hours of milling were detrimental to the properties of the material. The results showed that it is not possible to obtain composites from bottom ash.

Neste trabalho foram realizadas as moagens da cinza pesada de carvão mineral nos tempos de 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32h e 64h para desenvolvimento do compósito Cinza- 20Fe contendo 80% de cinza pesada moída e 20% de pó de ferro. As amostras foram compactadas com diferentes pressões, variando entre 300 a 400 N/mm2 e posteriormente sinterizadas a 1500 °C, seguindo as etapas da metalurgia do pó convencional. A determinação do tamanho de partículas das amostras após a moagem foi realizada por difração a laser. A análise microscópica mostrou que com o aumento do tempo de moagem resultou em uma maior deformação e/ou fragmentação das partículas. A microestrutura dos corpos de prova e a homogeneidade da cinza nos diferentes tempos de moagem foram avaliadas utilizando-se Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). Em seguida foi feita a compactação e obteve-se a curva de compressibilidade. Também determinou-se a densidade aparente e a densidade à verde. Realizou-se a sinterização e foi verificada a densidade das amostras sinterizadas. Mediu-se a microdureza, realizouse o ensaio de MEV e EDS da amostra sinterizada. Os melhores resultados para o compósito Cinza-20Fe foram conseguidos para o tempo de 32 horas de moagem, onde foi obtida uma boa densificação. Tempos de moagem maiores que 32 horas foram prejudiciais nas propriedades do material. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível a obtenção de compósitos a partir da cinza pesada. / In this work the miling of coal bottom ash was performed in times of 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32 h and 64 h for the development of ash - 20Fe composite containing 80% bottom ash and 20 % milled iron powder. Samples they were compressed with a pressures ranging from 300 to 400 N/mm2 and then sintered at 1500°C, following the steps of conventional powder metallurgy. The determination of the particle size after grinding of the samples was performed by laser diffraction. Microscopic analysis showed that with increasing milling time resulted in a greater deformation and / or fragmentation of the particles. The microstructure of the specimens and the homogeneity of the ashes in different milling times were evaluated using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the compression tests was permormed and the curve was obtained. We also determined the apparent density and the green density. Sintering was performed and the density of the sintered samples. Microhardness, SEM and EDS test analyses of the sintered samples were performed. The best results for the composite ash- 20Fe was achieved for the time of 32 hours grinding, which achieved a good densification . Times greater than 32 hours of milling were detrimental to the properties of the material. The results showed that it is not possible to obtain composites from bottom ash.

Neste trabalho foram realizadas as moagens da cinza pesada de carvão mineral nos tempos de 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32h e 64h para desenvolvimento do compósito Cinza- 20Fe contendo 80% de cinza pesada moída e 20% de pó de ferro. As amostras foram compactadas com diferentes pressões, variando entre 300 a 400 N/mm2 e posteriormente sinterizadas a 1500 °C, seguindo as etapas da metalurgia do pó convencional. A determinação do tamanho de partículas das amostras após a moagem foi realizada por difração a laser. A análise microscópica mostrou que com o aumento do tempo de moagem resultou em uma maior deformação e/ou fragmentação das partículas. A microestrutura dos corpos de prova e a homogeneidade da cinza nos diferentes tempos de moagem foram avaliadas utilizando-se Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). Em seguida foi feita a compactação e obteve-se a curva de compressibilidade. Também determinou-se a densidade aparente e a densidade à verde. Realizou-se a sinterização e foi verificada a densidade das amostras sinterizadas. Mediu-se a microdureza, realizouse o ensaio de MEV e EDS da amostra sinterizada. Os melhores resultados para o compósito Cinza-20Fe foram conseguidos para o tempo de 32 horas de moagem, onde foi obtida uma boa densificação. Tempos de moagem maiores que 32 horas foram prejudiciais nas propriedades do material. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível a obtenção de compósitos a partir da cinza pesada. / In this work the miling of coal bottom ash was performed in times of 2h, 4h, 8h, 16h, 32 h and 64 h for the development of ash - 20Fe composite containing 80% bottom ash and 20 % milled iron powder. Samples they were compressed with a pressures ranging from 300 to 400 N/mm2 and then sintered at 1500°C, following the steps of conventional powder metallurgy. The determination of the particle size after grinding of the samples was performed by laser diffraction. Microscopic analysis showed that with increasing milling time resulted in a greater deformation and / or fragmentation of the particles. The microstructure of the specimens and the homogeneity of the ashes in different milling times were evaluated using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the compression tests was permormed and the curve was obtained. We also determined the apparent density and the green density. Sintering was performed and the density of the sintered samples. Microhardness, SEM and EDS test analyses of the sintered samples were performed. The best results for the composite ash- 20Fe was achieved for the time of 32 hours grinding, which achieved a good densification . Times greater than 32 hours of milling were detrimental to the properties of the material. The results showed that it is not possible to obtain composites from bottom ash.

Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une dynamique de valorisation des sous-produits industriels locaux dans l'industrie cimentière. Il porte essentiellement sur la possibilité d'utiliser la poudre de mâchefer de charbon produit par la SONICHAR au Niger pour élaborer des ciments composés. Après une caractérisation physico-chimique et environnementale de la poudre de mâchefer, nous avons déterminé sa réactivité pouzzolanique et son indice d'activité mécanique. Les résultats montrent que la poudre de mâchefer présente une pouzzolanicité dont la cinétique relativement lente ne démarre pas avant 14 jours. D'autre part, ce mâchefer peut être considéré comme une addition minérale du type Il selon la norme EN 206-1 avec un indice d'activité de 0,76. C'est pourquoi nous l'avons utilisé pour élaborer trois ciments composés de type CEM 11/A avec une classe de résistance de 42,5 lorsque le taux de substitution est de 10% et une classe de résistance de 32,5 lorsque Je taux de substitution est de 15% et 20%. Des mortiers normaux ont été élaborés à partir de ces ciments et caractérisés sur les plans physiques et mécaniques. La durabilité des mortiers a également été étudiée notamment du point de vue de la cinétique de carbonatation et de lixiviation en présence de nitrate d'ammonium. Il ressort en définitive que la poudre de mâchefer peut bien être incorporée comme addition dans l’élaboration de ciments composés. Les caractéristiques mécaniques à long terme (90 jours) et la durabilité des mortiers confectionnés à partir de ces ciments sont conservées lorsque le taux de substitution n'excède pas 10%. / This research is part of a process of valorization of local industrial by-products in the cement industry. lt focuses on the possibility f using coal bottom ash powder produced by SONICHAR in Niger as cement partial addition. After a physicochemical and environmental characterization of the coal bottom ash powder, we determined its pozzolanic reactivity and it mechanical activity index. The results show that the coal bottom ash powder presents a pozzolanicity whose relatively slow kinetics do ne start before 14 days. On the other hand, this coal bottom ash can be considered as a mineral addition of type 11 according to the standard EN 206-1 with an activity index of 0.76. This is why we used it to develop three CEM 11/A composite cements with a strength class of 42.5 when the substitution rate is 10% and a strength class of 32.5 when the rate of substitution is 15% and 20%. Normal mortars have been formulated with these cements and are characterized physically and mechanically. The durability of the mortars has also been studied, in particular from the point of view of the kinetics of carbonation and leaching in the presence of ammonium nitrate. Finally, it appears that the coal bottom ash powder may indeed be incorporated as an addition in the preparation of composite cements. The long-term mechanical characteristics (90 days) and the durability of the mortars made from these cements are preserved when the substitution rate does not exceed 10%.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology): Vaal University of Technology / Strict environmental regulation on flue gas emission has led to the implementation of FGD technologies in power stations. Wet FGD technology is commonly used because it has high SO2 removal efficiency, high sorbent utilization and due to availability of the sorbent (limestone) used. SO2 is removed by passing flue gas through the absorber where it reacts with the slurry containing calcium ions which is obtained by dissolution. This study presents the findings of the dissolution of a calcium-based material (limestone) for wet FGD process. This was done using a pH stat apparatus and adipic acid as acid titrant. Adipic acid was used because of its buffering effect in wet FGD process. The conditions used for this study are similar to what is encountered in a wet FGD process. The extent of dissolution was determined by analyzing the amount of calcium ions in solution at different dissolution periods. The dissolution kinetics were correlated to the shrinking core model and it was found out that chemical reaction at the surface of the particle is the rate controlling step. This study also investigated the dissolution of coal fly ash and bottom ash. Their dissolution kinetics showed that the diffusion through the product layer was the rate controlling step due to an ash layer formed around the particle. The formation of ash layer was attributed to pozzolanic reaction products which is calcium-alumino-silicate (anorthite) compounds were formed after dissolution. The effect of fly ash on the dissolution of rate of limestone was also studied using response surface methodology. Limestone reactivity was found to increase with increase in the amount of fly ash added and the pH was found to be strong function of the rate constant compared to other dissolution variables. The presence of silica and alumina in fly ash led to a significant increase in the specific surface area due to hydration products formed after dissolution. / Eskom