Title: Applicability of Neural Computer Control in Sport. Objectives: Find out applicability of neural computer control in the sport research using Emotiv Epoc Neuroheadset device and Emotiv Control Panel application. Methods: Case study. Results: New research direction in sport using the Emotiv Epoc Neuroheadset device has been the significant contribution of the Thesis. All the research and results that has been gained will be used as the base for the future research. Results will be applied in more complex research using Emotiv Epoc Neuroheadset in context of different physical activities. Keywords: Emotiv, Cognitiv Suite, virtual cube, physical activity, stress

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melania Ferronato.pdf: 4738067 bytes, checksum: fcb18096ac6420c6f4c204e00b7d8db4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The present study is to discuss the importance of methods of interpreting the reality, which is seen as a way to devise procedures of discussion of the landscape within the context of Geography. Professors may have which aid methodological criteria to qualify as an agent or actor of the landscape in field trips or even explanations in the classroom. It approaches of the development of abilities (which gives the individual) mediated and directed according to the academic and educational projects in higher education. The research methods are increasingly depending on technology, leading the observer away of the field. Debating the new technologies, the geographer must know clearly the items required for the verification of the landscape formed by the set of natural and cultural forms. Fot this, the aim of this study was to assess the perception and spatial representation of visual quality of the landscape (QVP) in a protected FLONA-IRATI/PR. The National Forest (National Forest Irati) located in central-south region of Paraná, 150 km from the capital Curitiba, with geographical coordinates 25 36’ west longitude and 25 17’ elevation south 50 30’ west longitude. (MAZZA, 2006) It has bordes on Irati, Fernades Pinheiro, Imbil, Teixeira Smith (ICMBio, National Forest, 2011). Was selected as a research field for its great rele environmental, social and cultural relevance. The methodological content applied to the students as a goal in the description of the: forms of vegetation, landform, soil types, rock types, forms oferosion, buildings, and second, interpreting the qualities inherent in each element (diversity, repetition, unity and change) perceived (or not) and recorded in photography, highlighted the geographical context and describing the hierarchies as culturally evaluative matrix printed on each individual. Research based on the students of higher education to use it as a theoretical method of interpretation of the visual quality of the landscape by the teachers. Factors raised by students during the outputs that need to bereviewed by government agencies of conservation Units focusing improvements to the management Plan. / O presente trabalho vem a discutir os diferentes tipos de métodos de interpretação da paisagem, visto que é a forma de como idealizar tramites de discussão da paisagem dentro do contexto da Geografia. Os professores podem ter como auxílio critérios metodológicos para se caracterizar como um agente ou ator da paisagem em saídas de campo ou até mesmo em explicações em sala de aula. Fala-se, portanto, do desenvolvimento das capacidades cognitivas dos alunos (que se dá pela percepção e inteligência do indivíduo) mediado e direcionado conforme os projetos acadêmico-pedagógicos do ensino superior. Os métodos de investigação estão cada vez mais dependendo da tecnologia, afastando o observador do campo. Com isso, o objetivo desta pesquisa era avaliar a percepção e representação espacial da qualidade visual da paisagem (QVP) em uma unidade de conservação FLONA-IRATI/PR. A FLONA (Floresta Nacional de Irati) localizada na região centro-sul do Paraná a, 150 km da capital Curitiba, com coordenadas geográficas são 25 25’ latitude sul, 50 36’ de longitude oeste e 25 17’ de altitude sul, 50º 30’ longitude oeste. (MAZZA, 2006). Faz limite com Irati, Fernandes Pinheiro, Imbituva, Texeira Soares (ICMbio/FLONA, 2011). Foi selecionada como campo de pesquisa por sua grande importância ambiental, social e cultural. O conteúdo metodológico aplicado aos alunos tinha como meta nos questionários a descrição das: formas de vegetação, formas de relevo, tipos de solo, tipos de rocha, formas de erosão, edificações; e por outro, interpretando as qualidades inerentes a cada elemento (diversidade, repetição, unidade e mudança) percebido (ou não) e registrado em fotografia, destacados do contexto geográfico e descrevendo as hierarquias conforme a matriz valorativa culturalmente impressa em cada indivíduo. Pesquisa fundamentada para uso nos alunos de ensino superior como um aporte teórico metodológico de interpretação da qualidade visual da paisagem pelos professores. Fatores levantados pelos alunos durante as saídas que necessitam ser revistos pelos órgãos públicos da Unidade de Conservação focando benfeitorias ao Plano de Manejo.

失憶型輕度認知功能障礙（a-MCI）患者被認為是演變成為阿茲海默症的高危險群，在早期由於海馬迴結構的神經纖維糾結，患者會開始產生記憶障礙。Braak和Braak在1991年將神經纖維糾結分成六個時期，開始會先從海馬迴結構的前內鼻區和側海馬迴產生病變，最後才會順延到海馬迴本體。由於前內鼻區主要處理事件及物件特徵，側海馬迴主要處理空間背景訊息，海馬迴本體主要處理空間位置記憶，所以本研究假設事件及物件特徵與空間背景訊息的配對記憶在a-MCI階段就會產生障礙，而空間位置記憶則在輕度阿茲海默症會開始產生障礙，如果不同階段神經病變的認知功能表現，可以在研究結果中呈現出來，或許可以協助找到早期偵測海馬迴結構病變的神經認知功能指標。 本研究受試者主要包含正常組（NC組）30人，失憶型輕度認知功能障礙組（a-MCI組）30人和輕度阿茲海默症組（AD組）30人，共計90人。每組受試者均接受神經心理測驗衡鑑和本研究自行發展的空間脈絡記憶測驗。空間脈絡記憶測驗總共分為三個部分：（1）空間位置記憶測驗：要求受試者回憶之前在地圖上隨機出現的建築物位置；（2）事件與地點連結測驗：事件和地點配對出現後，要求受試者選擇事件所配對的地點背景為何；（3）地點與物體的連結測驗：物體和地點配對出現後，要求受試者選擇該地點之前出現的物體為何。 研究結果呈現，不同組別在神經心理測驗結果，a-MCI組在延宕提取以及記憶保留的部分相較於其他認知功能顯著較差，而AD組相較於a-MCI組，除了記憶力表現更差外，其他認知功能的缺損也更為嚴重。而不同組別在空間脈絡記憶的結果，空間位置記憶分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＞AD組的結果，在事件與地點的連結分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＝AD組的結果，在地點與物體的連結分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＞AD組的結果。從ROC曲線分析呈現，空間脈絡記憶測驗相較於其他篩檢測驗，在區分NC組和a-MCI組的敏感度及特異度較好，而MMSE則在區分a-MCI組和AD組的敏感度及特異度較好。 研究結果呈現a-MCI受試者在一般認知功能尚未顯著下降的同時，空間脈絡記憶就已經呈現障礙，這可能和早期神經纖維糾結所破壞的區域有關，結果也呈現空間脈絡記憶測驗在a-MCI階段，比其他篩檢測驗能更敏感的區分出正常和異常的患者。目前臨床常用的MMSE測驗，因為複合了多項認知功能，反而適合用於篩檢已經為輕度阿茲海默症的患者。 / Background: Amnesic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) was identified to have a high risk to become Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In early stage of AD, because of neurofibrillary tangles, patient began complaining progressive memory deficits. The progressive course of neurofibrillary tangles was divided into 6 stages (Braak and Braak, 1991). Initially, the neurofibrillary tangles destroyed perirhinal and parahippocampus neurons, which may correspond to the a-MCI stage and then proceed to hippocampal body that correspond to early AD. According to previous studies, the perirhinal is primarily associated with item features encoding, the parahippocampus associated with scene features encoding, and the hippocampus associated with spatial location memory. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the item and scene features association memory would show impairments in a-MCI and the spatial location memory would not be impaired in a-MCI but in early AD. If the different stages could be discriminated by the performance on spatial context memory test that we design, it can be utilized in clinical settings to assist the diagnosis of a-MCI. Method: Three groups of subjects were selected from the clinic of the neurological department of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, including normal subjects (n=30), a-MCI subjects not diagnosed with dementia (n=30), and mild AD subjects (n=30). All of them were administered a package of neuropsychological tests and a self-developed spatial context memory test that include three sub-tests: (1) a spatial location memory test: subjects have to recognize the location of a building that was appeared in a map; (2) an event-place association memory test: subjects need point out which spatial scene that was associated with this event; and (3) a place-object association memory test: subjects need point out which object that was associated with this place shown before. Result: In neuropsychological tests, a-MCI group demonstrated significant impairment in delay retrieval and memory retention in comparison to their performance on tests for other cognitive functions. The AD group showed decline in overall cognitive functions including declarative memory and others. In the spatial context memory test, both the spatial location memory test and the place-object association memory subtest showed a decline in a-MCI group, and a further decline in AD group; the event-place association memory test presented significant decreases in both a-MCI and AD group in comparison to normal control, but no difference between the two clinical groups. Conclusion: The current study shows that the spatial context memory in a-MCI patients has greater impairment than their general cognitive function. Compared with other screening test, the spatial context memory has greater sensitivity and specificity to discriminate a-MCI from NC.