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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios using Distributed Sequential Detection

Jithin, K S January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Cognitive Radios are emerging communication systems which efficiently utilize the unused licensed radio spectrum called spectral holes. They run Spectrum sensing algorithms to identify these spectral holes. These holes need to be identified at very low SNR (<=-20 dB) under multipath fading, unknown channel gains and noise power. Cooperative spectrum sensing which exploits spatial diversity has been found to be particularly effective in this rather daunting endeavor. However despite many recent studies, several open issues need to be addressed for such algorithms. In this thesis we provide some novel cooperative distributed algorithms and study their performance. We develop an energy efficient detector with low detection delay using decentralized sequential hypothesis testing. Our algorithm at the Cognitive Radios employ an asynchronous transmission scheme which takes into account the noise at the fusion center. We have developed a distributed algorithm, DualSPRT, in which Cognitive Radios (secondary users) sequentially collect the observations, make local decisions and send them to the fusion center. The fusion center sequentially processes these received local decisions corrupted by Gaussian noise to arrive at a final decision. Asymptotically, this algorithm is shown to achieve the performance of the optimal centralized test, which does not consider fusion center noise. We also theoretically analyze its probability of error and average detection delay. Even though DualSPRT performs asymptotically well, a modification at the fusion node provides more control over the design of the algorithm parameters which then performs better at the usual operating probabilities of error in Cognitive Radio systems. We also analyze the modified algorithm theoretically. DualSPRT requires full knowledge of channel gains. Thus we extend the algorithm to take care the imperfections in channel gain estimates. We also consider the case when the knowledge about the noise power and channel gain statistic is not available at the Cognitive Radios. This problem is framed as a universal sequential hypothesis testing problem. We use easily implementable universal lossless source codes to propose simple algorithms for such a setup. Asymptotic performance of the algorithm is presented. A cooperative algorithm is also designed for such a scenario. Finally, decentralized multihypothesis sequential tests, which are relevant when the interest is to detect not only the presence of primary users but also their identity among multiple primary users, are also considered. Using the insight gained from binary hypothesis case, two new algorithms are proposed.
32

Role of Channel State Information in Adaptation in Current and Next Generation Wireless Systems

Kashyap, Salil January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Motivated by the increasing demand for higher data rates, coverage, and spectral efficiency, current and next generation wireless systems adapt transmission parameters and even who is being transmitted to, based on the instantaneous channel states. For example, frequency-domain scheduling(FDS) is an instance of adaptation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) systems in which the base station opportunistically assigns different subcarriers to their most appropriate user. Likewise ,transmit antenna selection(AS) is another form of adaptation in which the transmitter adapts which subset of antennas it transmits with. Cognitive radio(CR), which is a next generation technology, itself is a form of adaptation in which secondary users(SUs) adapt their transmissions to avoid interfering with the licensed primary users(PUs), who own the spectrum. However, adaptation requires channel state information(CSI), which might not be available apriori at the node or nodes that are adapting. Further, the CSI might not be perfect due to noise or feedback delays. This can result in suboptimal adaptation in OFDMA systems or excessive interference at the PUs due to transmissions by the SUs in CR. In this thesis, we focus on adaptation techniques in current and next generation wireless systems and evaluate the impact of CSI –both perfect and imperfect –on it. We first develop a novel model and analysis for characterizing the performance of AS in frequency-selective OFDMA systems. Our model is unique and comprehensive in that it incorporates key LTE features such as imperfect channel estimation based on dense, narrow band demodulation reference signal and coarse, broad band sounding reference signal. It incorporates the frequency-domain scheduler, the hardware constraint that the same antenna must be used to transmit over all the subcarriers that are allocated to a user, and the scheduling constraint that the allocated subcarriers must all be contiguous. Our results show the effectiveness of combined AS and FDS in frequency-selective OFDMA systems even at lower sounding reference signal powers. We then investigate power adaptation in underlay CR, in which the SU can transmit even when the primary is on but under stringent interference constraints. The nature of the interference constraint fundamentally decides how the SU adapts its transmit power. To this end, assuming perfect CSI, we propose optimal transmit power adaptation policies that minimize the symbol error probability of an SU when they are subject to different interference and transmit power constraints. We then study the robustness of these optimal policies to imperfections in CSI. An interesting observation that comes out of our study is that imperfect CSI can not only increase the interference at the PU but can also decrease it, and this depends on the choice of the system parameters, interference, and transmit power constraints. The regimes in which these occur are characterized.

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