<p dir="ltr">Human interaction with different levels of automation, ranging from simpler decision aids to fully autonomous systems, is becoming increasingly common in society. This is particularly true in safety-critical applications. If humans exhibit inappropriate reliance, meaning depending either too much or too little, the consequences can range from failure in completing a task to injuring a human worker. For this reason, researchers have studied human reliance behavior on different levels of automation. Seminal results have shown that human reliance decisions are strongly influenced by their self-confidence and trust in the automation. However, even if a user trusts the automation, the environmental conditions may be sufficiently risky such that the user should not use it. Indeed, researchers have shown that risk perception can influence decisions, but despite this, relatively little research has studied human risk perception as it relates to decisions about reliance on automation. In this thesis, a new model for how human risk perception (RP) and human self-confidence (SC) affect their reliance on a visual aid is proposed and validated. A novelty of the model is its emphasis on the relative difference between RP and SC and demonstrating that this difference can accurately predict human reliance behavior. A secondary contribution of this thesis is the utilization of the model to design an algorithm that automatically decides when to provide the aid to the user. Main findings include the ability to calibrate a user’s cognitive state when using the algorithm that automatically provides the aid to the user. Another finding is the improvement in cognitive states during trials without the aid after trials in which an algorithm decided when to provide the aid. Other findings include analyses of the statistical differences in cognitive states based on an individual participant’s subpopulation membership. Extensions of these contributions to human-machine interaction contexts is discussed in future work.</p>

O estudo teve por objetivo descrever os acidentes domésticos ocorridos com idosos portadores do diagnóstico de demência, relacionando estes às suas condições de vida. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e seccional, realizado no período de 2001 a 2002. Participaram do estudo 110 idosos demenciados, residentes na zona urbana de Ribeirão Preto, SP, atendidos em um ambulatório terciário de um hospital público. Os dados foram coletados no domicílio por meio de entrevistas, previamente agendadas, com idosos e cuidadores. Os resultados evidenciaram que 65,5% dos idosos eram do sexo feminino e 34,5% do masculino, variando a idade de 63 a 91 anos, com uma média de 76 anos. Quanto à escolaridade, 45,5% dos idosos tinham até 4 anos de escolaridade, os analfabetos e os que sabem ler e escrever somaram 35,5%. O resultado dos escores dos idosos no Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) foi padronizado em baixo e alto desempenho, de acordo com a escolaridade de cada um, sendo que 91% tiveram baixo desempenho e 9% alto desempenho. Do total dos idosos, 65,5% sofreram algum tipo de acidente doméstico, com a seguinte distribuição: 58,2% quedas, 29,1% aspirações e engasgos, 7,3% queimaduras, 6,4% cortes e ferimentos, 3,6% intoxicações e 0,9% ingestão de corpo estranho. Quanto ao tipo de queda, 50% foram da própria altura, sendo que 34,4% dos idosos que caíram afirmaram ter medo de novas quedas. No que se refere ao momento da queda, foram relatados 63,6% de fatores intrínsecos (alteração de equilíbrio, dificuldade para caminhar, fraqueza muscular), enquanto os extrínsecos (piso escorregadio e/ou com desnível, banheiro sem barras) atingiram 36,4%. As lesões mais relatadas, após a queda, foram os ferimentos na cabeça com necessidade de sutura. As aspirações e engasgos foram causados por alimentos de diversas consistências e a tosse esteve presente em 96,6% dos eventos. As queimaduras ocorreram na cozinha, durante o preparo de alimentos, sendo 89,5% delas nos membros superiores. Essas foram causadas em 41,2% pelo contato direto com objeto quente e/ou chama/fogo. Os acidentes com objetos cortantes foram causados por facas, lâminas de barbear, maçaneta, tesoura, vidro, ferro e as partes do corpo mais atingidas foram mãos, braços e faces. A intoxicação por ingestão de medicamento foi referida por três idosos e a de corpo estranho foi causada por deglutição de pedaços de sabão; 90,5% dos acidentes aconteceram com idosos de baixo desempenho no MEEM e apenas 9,5% ocorreram com idosos de alto desempenho. A faixa etária com maior freqüência de acidentes está entre 75 a 79 anos. Esses dados mostram que os idosos com baixo desempenho no MEEM e idade entre 75 a 79 anos estão mais predisponentes a sofrer acidentes. A equipe de saúde e a família devem constantemente realizar avaliação tanto nos fatores intrínsecos quanto nos extrínsecos para estabelecer estratégias de prevenção de acidentes. / This study aimed to describe domestic accidents involving aged persons with dementia relating those accidents with their living conditions. It is a descriptive and cross sectional study developed in 2001 and 2002. Study participants were 110 elderly who live in the urban area of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, and were attended at the tertiary outpatient ambulatory of a public hospital. Data were collected at home, by means of previously arranged interviews with these aged persons and their caregivers. The results demonstrated that 65.5% of the elderly were women and 34.5% men. Age ranged from 63 to 91 years, with 76 as the average. With respect to educational level, 45.5% of the elderly had up to 4 years of education; illiterate and those who can barely read and write totalized 35.5%. The results of the participants’ scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were standardized into low and high performance, in accordance with each person’s educational level. 91% of the aged achieved a low and 9% a high performance on the MMSE. 65.5% of the total number of elderly had suffered some kind of domestic accident, distributed as follows: 58.2% falls, 29.1% aspiration and choking, 7.3% burns, 6.4% cuts and wounds, 3.6% intoxication and 0.9% ingestion of a foreign body. As to types of falls, 50% occurred from the subjects’ own height, with 34.4% of the elderly victims being afraid of falling again. In what concerns the moment of falling, 63.6% of the subjects mentioned intrinsic factors (change in balance, difficulty to walk, muscle weakness), while extrinsic factors (slippery and/or unequal floor, bathroom without support bars) affected 36.4%. The most mentioned injuries after falls were head wounds that needed suturing. Aspiration and choking were caused by food items with different consistencies and coughing was present in 96.6% of the occurrences. Burns occurred in the kitchen, while preparing food, and 89.5% of them affected the upper limbs. 41.2% of these were caused by direct contact with a hot object and/or flame/fire. Accidents involving cutting objects were caused by knives, razor blades, doorknobs, scissors, glass, iron and the affected body parts were hands, arms and faces. Three participants mentioned intoxication through medication ingestion, while intoxication due to the ingestion of a foreign body was caused by swallowing pieces of soap; 90.5% of the accidents involved elderly who achieved a low performance level on the MMSE, while only 9.5% affected those with a high performance. The age range with the highest accident frequency goes from 75 to 79 years. These data show that elderly persons with a low performance on the MMSE, who are between 75 and 79 years old, reveal a greater tendency to suffer accidents. The health team and the family should constantly evaluate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors viewing to establish accident prevention strategies.

O estudo teve por objetivo descrever os acidentes domésticos ocorridos com idosos portadores do diagnóstico de demência, relacionando estes às suas condições de vida. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e seccional, realizado no período de 2001 a 2002. Participaram do estudo 110 idosos demenciados, residentes na zona urbana de Ribeirão Preto, SP, atendidos em um ambulatório terciário de um hospital público. Os dados foram coletados no domicílio por meio de entrevistas, previamente agendadas, com idosos e cuidadores. Os resultados evidenciaram que 65,5% dos idosos eram do sexo feminino e 34,5% do masculino, variando a idade de 63 a 91 anos, com uma média de 76 anos. Quanto à escolaridade, 45,5% dos idosos tinham até 4 anos de escolaridade, os analfabetos e os que sabem ler e escrever somaram 35,5%. O resultado dos escores dos idosos no Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) foi padronizado em baixo e alto desempenho, de acordo com a escolaridade de cada um, sendo que 91% tiveram baixo desempenho e 9% alto desempenho. Do total dos idosos, 65,5% sofreram algum tipo de acidente doméstico, com a seguinte distribuição: 58,2% quedas, 29,1% aspirações e engasgos, 7,3% queimaduras, 6,4% cortes e ferimentos, 3,6% intoxicações e 0,9% ingestão de corpo estranho. Quanto ao tipo de queda, 50% foram da própria altura, sendo que 34,4% dos idosos que caíram afirmaram ter medo de novas quedas. No que se refere ao momento da queda, foram relatados 63,6% de fatores intrínsecos (alteração de equilíbrio, dificuldade para caminhar, fraqueza muscular), enquanto os extrínsecos (piso escorregadio e/ou com desnível, banheiro sem barras) atingiram 36,4%. As lesões mais relatadas, após a queda, foram os ferimentos na cabeça com necessidade de sutura. As aspirações e engasgos foram causados por alimentos de diversas consistências e a tosse esteve presente em 96,6% dos eventos. As queimaduras ocorreram na cozinha, durante o preparo de alimentos, sendo 89,5% delas nos membros superiores. Essas foram causadas em 41,2% pelo contato direto com objeto quente e/ou chama/fogo. Os acidentes com objetos cortantes foram causados por facas, lâminas de barbear, maçaneta, tesoura, vidro, ferro e as partes do corpo mais atingidas foram mãos, braços e faces. A intoxicação por ingestão de medicamento foi referida por três idosos e a de corpo estranho foi causada por deglutição de pedaços de sabão; 90,5% dos acidentes aconteceram com idosos de baixo desempenho no MEEM e apenas 9,5% ocorreram com idosos de alto desempenho. A faixa etária com maior freqüência de acidentes está entre 75 a 79 anos. Esses dados mostram que os idosos com baixo desempenho no MEEM e idade entre 75 a 79 anos estão mais predisponentes a sofrer acidentes. A equipe de saúde e a família devem constantemente realizar avaliação tanto nos fatores intrínsecos quanto nos extrínsecos para estabelecer estratégias de prevenção de acidentes. / This study aimed to describe domestic accidents involving aged persons with dementia relating those accidents with their living conditions. It is a descriptive and cross sectional study developed in 2001 and 2002. Study participants were 110 elderly who live in the urban area of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, and were attended at the tertiary outpatient ambulatory of a public hospital. Data were collected at home, by means of previously arranged interviews with these aged persons and their caregivers. The results demonstrated that 65.5% of the elderly were women and 34.5% men. Age ranged from 63 to 91 years, with 76 as the average. With respect to educational level, 45.5% of the elderly had up to 4 years of education; illiterate and those who can barely read and write totalized 35.5%. The results of the participants’ scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were standardized into low and high performance, in accordance with each person’s educational level. 91% of the aged achieved a low and 9% a high performance on the MMSE. 65.5% of the total number of elderly had suffered some kind of domestic accident, distributed as follows: 58.2% falls, 29.1% aspiration and choking, 7.3% burns, 6.4% cuts and wounds, 3.6% intoxication and 0.9% ingestion of a foreign body. As to types of falls, 50% occurred from the subjects’ own height, with 34.4% of the elderly victims being afraid of falling again. In what concerns the moment of falling, 63.6% of the subjects mentioned intrinsic factors (change in balance, difficulty to walk, muscle weakness), while extrinsic factors (slippery and/or unequal floor, bathroom without support bars) affected 36.4%. The most mentioned injuries after falls were head wounds that needed suturing. Aspiration and choking were caused by food items with different consistencies and coughing was present in 96.6% of the occurrences. Burns occurred in the kitchen, while preparing food, and 89.5% of them affected the upper limbs. 41.2% of these were caused by direct contact with a hot object and/or flame/fire. Accidents involving cutting objects were caused by knives, razor blades, doorknobs, scissors, glass, iron and the affected body parts were hands, arms and faces. Three participants mentioned intoxication through medication ingestion, while intoxication due to the ingestion of a foreign body was caused by swallowing pieces of soap; 90.5% of the accidents involved elderly who achieved a low performance level on the MMSE, while only 9.5% affected those with a high performance. The age range with the highest accident frequency goes from 75 to 79 years. These data show that elderly persons with a low performance on the MMSE, who are between 75 and 79 years old, reveal a greater tendency to suffer accidents. The health team and the family should constantly evaluate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors viewing to establish accident prevention strategies.

La personnalisation peut améliorer la pertinence et l'utilité des communications marketing B2C. Cependant, ce n'est pas la panacée pour tous les défis marketing B2C. Dans le but de renforcer la pertinence et l'utilité des contenus de marketing personnalisés, nous proposons une approche de personnalisation marketing contextuelle qui permet d'analyser les comportements d’achat cross-canaux, d'interpréter les intentions du consommateur, de détecter l'état cognitif des consommateurs et d'utiliser la stratégie de personnalisation appropriée pour générer et afficher des contenus marketing personnalisés. Notre approche prend en compte le volume, la variété et la variabilité des données de consommateurs dans un scénario de shopping cross-canaux. En utilisant un mécanisme d'apprentissage, notre approche permet à un système de personnalisation marketing d'apprendre de la préférence des consommateurs pour le moment et le moyen de contact afin qu'il puisse ajuster sa stratégie de personnalisation dynamiquement. Le test A / B indique que notre approche peut améliorer la pertinence et l'utilité des contenus de marketing personnalisés et la connaissance des voyages d'achat cross-canaux peuvent remodeler la façon dont les entreprises planifient, exécutent et évaluent leurs événements marketing. / Personalization can enhance the relevance and usefulness of B2C marketing communications. However, it is not the panacea for all the B2C marketing challenges. With an aim to further enhance the relevance and usefulness of personalized marketing contents, we propose a context-aware marketing personalization approach that can analyze cross-channel shopping behaviors, interpret consumer intentions, detect consumers cognitive state, and use the appropriate personalization strategy to generate and deliver personalized marketing contents to them. Our approach takes into account the volume, variety, and variability of consumer data in a cross-channel shopping scenario. Using a learning mechanism, our approach allows a marketing personalization system to learn from consumers’ preference for the moment and medium of contact so that it can adjust its personalization strategy dynamically. A/B test indicates that our approach can significantly enhance the relevance and usefulness of personalized marketing contents and the knowledge of cross-channel shopping journeys may reshape the way firms plan, execute, and evaluate marketing events.