Começamos definindo a cohomologia clássica de De Rham e provamos alguns resultados que nos permitem calcular tal cohomologia de algumas variedades diferenciáveis. Com o intuito de provar o Teorema de De Rham, escolhemos fazer a demonstração utilizando a noção de feixes, que se mostra como uma generalização da ideia de cohomologia. Como a cohomologia de De Rham não é a única que se pode definir numa variedade, a questão da unicidade dá origem a teoria axiomática de feixes, que nos dará uma cohomologia para cada feixe dado. Mostraremos que a partir da teoria axiomática de feixes obtemos cohomologias, além das cohomologias clássicas de De Rham, a cohomologia clássica singular e a cohomologia clássica de Cech e mostraremos que essas cohomologias obtidas a partir da noção axiomática são isomorfas as definições clássicas. Concluiremos que se nos restringirmos a apenas variedades diferenciáveis, essas cohomologias são unicamente isomorfas e este será o teorema de De Rham. / We begin by defining De Rhams classical cohomology and we prove some results that allow us a calculation of the cohomology of some differentiable manifolds. In order to prove De Rhams Theorem, we chose to make a demonstration using a notion of sheaves, which is a generalization of the idea of cohomology. Since De Rhams cohomology is not a only one that can be made into a variety, the question of unicity gives rise to axiomatic theory of sheaves, which give us a cohomology for each sheaf given. We will show that from the axiomatic theory of sheaves we obtain cohomologies, besides the classical cohomologies of De Rham, a singular classical cohomology and a classical cohomology of Cech and we will show that cohomologies are obtained from the axiomatic notion are classic definitions. We will conclude that if we restrict ourselves to only differentiable manifolds, these cohomologies are uniquely isomorphic and this will be De Rhams theorem.

This Thesis is motivated by two problems, each concerning representations (homomorphisms) of groups into a connected reductive algebraic group G over an algebraically closed field k. The first problem is due to B. Külshammer and is to do with representations of finite groups in G: Let Γ be a finite group and suppose k has characteristic p. Let Γp be a Sylow p-subgroup of Γ and let ρ : Γp → G be a representation. Are there only finitely many conjugacy classes of representations ρ' : Γ → G whose restriction to Γp is conjugate to ρ? The second problem follows the work of M. Liebeck and G. Seitz: describe the representations of connected reductive algebraic H in G. These two problems have been settled as long as the characteristic p is large enough but not much is known in the case where the characteristic p is a so called bad prime for G, which will be the setting for our work. At the intersection of these two problems lies another problem which we call the algebraic version of Külshammer's question where we no longer suppose Γ is finite. This new variation of Külshammer's question is interesting in its own right, and a counterexample may provide insight into Külshammer's original question. Our approach is to convert these problems into problems in the nonabelian 1-cohomology. Let K be a reductive algebraic group, P a parabolic subgroup of G with Levi subgroup L < P, V the unipotent radical of P. Let ρ₀ : K → L be a representation. Then the representations ρ : K → P that equal ρ₀ under the canonical projection P → L are in bijective correspondence with elements of the space of 1-cocycles Z¹(K,V ) where K acts on V by xv = ρ₀(x)vρ₀(x)⁻¹. We can then interpret P- and G-conjugacy classes of representations in terms of the 1-cohomology H¹(K,V ). We state and prove the conditions under which a collection of representations from K to P is a finite union of conjugacy classes in terms of the 1-cohomology in Theorem 4.22. Unlike other approaches, we work directly with the nonabelian 1-cohomology. Even so, we find that the 1-cocycles in Z¹(K,V ) often take values in an abelian subgroup of V (Lemmas 5.10 and 5.11). This is interesting, for the question "is the restriction map of 1-cohomologies H¹(H,V) → H¹(U,V) induced by the inclusion of U in K injective?" is closely linked to the question of Külshammer, and has positive answer if V is abelian and H = SL₂k) (Example 3.2). We show that for G = B4 there is a family of pairwise non-conjugate embeddings of SL₂in G, a direction provided by Stewart who proved the result for G = F4. This is important as an example like this is first needed if one hopes to find a counterexample to the algebraic version of Külshammer's question.

Este trabalho estuda a demonstração de existência de uma teoria de cohomologia em estruturas o-minimais arbitrárias, conforme o trabalho de Edmundo, Jones e Peatfield. / This work studies the proof of the existence of sheaf cohomology theory in arbitrary o-minimal structures, following the work of Edmundo, Jones and Peatfield.

In this thesis we study the self-Floer theory of a monotone Lagrangian submanifold $L$ of a closed symplectic manifold $X$ in the presence of various kinds of symmetry. First we consider the group $\mathrm{Symp}(X, L)$ of symplectomorphisms of $X$ preserving $L$ setwise, and extend its action on the Oh spectral sequence to coefficients of arbitrary characteristic, working over an enriched Novikov ring. This imposes constraints on the differentials in the spectral sequence which force them to vanish in certain situations. We then specialise to the case where $L$ is $K$-homogeneous for a compact Lie group $K$, meaning roughly that $X$ is Kaehler, $K$ acts on $X$ by holomorphic automorphisms, and $L$ is a Lagrangian orbit. By studying holomorphic discs with boundary on $L$ we compute the image of low codimension $K$-invariant subvarieties of $X$ under the length zero closed-open string map. This places restrictions on the self-Floer cohomology of $L$ which generalise and refine the Auroux-Kontsevich-Seidel criterion. These often result in the need to work over fields of specific positive characteristics in order to obtain non-zero cohomology. The disc analysis is then developed further, with the introduction of the notion of poles and a reflection mechanism for completing holomorphic discs into spheres. This theory is applied to two main families of examples. The first is the collection of four Platonic Lagrangians in quasihomogeneous threefolds of $\mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{C})$, starting with the Chiang Lagrangian in $\mathbb{CP}^3$. These were previously studied by Evans and Lekili, who computed the self-Floer cohomology of the latter. We simplify their argument, which is based on an explicit construction of the Biran-Cornea pearl complex, and deal with the remaining three cases. The second is a family of $\mathrm{PSU}(n)$-homogeneous Lagrangians in products of projective spaces. Here the presence of both discrete and continuous symmetries leads to some unusual properties: in particular we obtain non-displaceable monotone Lagrangians which are narrow in a strong sense. We also discuss related examples including applications of Perutz's symplectic Gysin sequence and quilt functors. The thesis concludes with a discussion of directions for further research and a collection of technical appendices.

Let G be a semisimple linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic. In this thesis we outline the theory of such groups and their cohomology. We then concentrate on algebraic groups in rank 1 and 2, and prove some new results in their bounding cohomology.

Symplectic cohomology is an algebraic invariant of filled symplectic cobordisms that encodes dynamical information. In this thesis we define a modified symplectic cohomology theory, called action-completed symplectic cohomology, that exhibits quantitative behavior. We illustrate the non-trivial nature of this invariant by computing it for annulus subbundles of line bundles over complex projective space. The proof relies on understanding the symplectic cohomology of the complex fibers and the quantum cohomology of the projective base. We connect this result to mirror symmetry and prove a non-vanishing result in the presence of Lagrangian submanifolds with non-vanishing Floer homology. The proof uses Lagrangian quantum cohomology in conjunction with a closed-open map.

<div>In this thesis, we study invariants of graded modules over polynomial rings. In particular, we find bounds on the Hilbert functions and graded Betti numbers of certain modules. This area of research has been widely studied, and we discuss several well-known theorems and conjectures related to these problems. Our main results extend some known theorems from the case of homogeneous ideals of polynomial rings R to that of graded R-modules. In Chapters 2 & 3, we discuss preliminary material needed for the following chapters. This includes monomial orders for modules, Hilbert functions, graded Betti numbers, and generic initial modules.</div><div> </div><div> In Chapter 4, we discuss x_n-stability of submodules M of free R-modules F, and use this stability to examine properties of lexsegment modules. Using these tools, we prove our first main result: a general hypersurface restriction theorem for modules. This theorem states that, when restricting to a general hypersurface of degree j, the Hilbert series of M is bounded above by that of M^{lex}+x_n^jF. In Chapter 5, we discuss Hilbert series of local cohomology modules. As a consequence of our general hypersurface restriction theorem, we give a bound on the Hilbert series of H^i_m(F/M). In particular, we show that the Hilbert series of local cohomology modules of a quotient of a free module does not decrease when the module is replaced by a quotient by the lexicographic module M^{lex}.</div><div> </div><div> The content of Chapter 6 is based on joint work with Gabriel Sosa. The main theorem is an extension of a result of Caviglia and Sbarra to polynomial rings with base field of any characteristic. Given a homogeneous ideal containing both a piecewise lex ideal and an ideal generated by powers of the variables, we find a lex ideal with the following property: the ideal in the polynomial ring generated by the piecewise lex ideal, the ideal of powers, and the lex ideal has the same Hilbert function and Betti numbers at least as large as those of the original ideal. This bound on the Betti numbers is sharp, and is a closer bound than what was previously known in this setting.</div>

Este trabalho estuda a demonstração de existência de uma teoria de cohomologia em estruturas o-minimais arbitrárias, conforme o trabalho de Edmundo, Jones e Peatfield. / This work studies the proof of the existence of sheaf cohomology theory in arbitrary o-minimal structures, following the work of Edmundo, Jones and Peatfield.

This dissertation explores aspects of the representation theory for tensor algebras, which are non-selfadjoint operator algebras Muhly and Solel introduced in 1998, by developing a cohomology theory for completely bounded Hilbert modules. Similar theories have been developed for Banach modules by Johnson in 1970, for operator modules by Paulsen in 1997, and for Hilbert modules over the disc algebra by Carlson and Clark in 1995. The framework presented here was motivated by a desire to further understand the completely bounded representation theory for tensor algebras on Hilbert spaces. The focal point of this thesis is the first Ext group, Ext1, which is defined as equivalence classes of short exact sequences of completely bounded Hilbert modules. Alternate descriptions of this group are presented. For general operator algebras, Ext1 can be realized as the collection completely bounded derivations equivalent up to an inner derivation. When the operator algebra is a tensor algebra, Ext1 can be described as a quotient space of intertwining operators, a description analogous to a result of Ferguson in 1996 in the case of the classical disc algebra. A theorem of Sz.-Nagy and Foias from 1967, concerning contractions in triangular form, is applied to analyze derivations that are off-diagonal corners of completely contractive representations. It is proved that, in some cases, this analysis determines when all derivations must be inner or suggests ways to construct non-inner derivations. In the third chapter, a characterization is given of completely bounded representations of a tensor algebra in terms of similarities of contractive intertwiners. Also proven is that for a Csup*;-correspondence X over a Csup*;-algebra A and the Toeplitz algebra T(X), Mn(T(X))= T(Mn(X)). The analogous statement for tensor algebras is deduced as a corollary. In the final chapter, a brief survey of non-abelian category theory is provided. Extensions of completely bounded Hilbert modules over operator algebras are defined. Theorems asserting the projectivity of isometric modules and injectivity of coisometric modules by Carlson, Clark, Foias, and Williams in 1995 are generalized to the noncommutative setting of tensor algebras using commutant lifting. A result of Popesecu in 1996 for noncommutative disc algebras is also covered in the general framework of this thesis.

A major impediment to scientific progress in many fields is the inability to make sense of the huge amounts of data that have been collected via experiment or computer simulation. This dissertation provides tools to visualize, represent, and analyze the collection of sensors and data all at once in a single combinatorial geometric object. Encoding and translating heterogeneous data into common language are modeled by supporting objects. In this methodology, the behavior of the system based on the detection of noise in the system, possible failure in data exchange and recognition of the redundant or complimentary sensors are studied via some related geometric objects. Applications of the constructed methodology are described by two case studies: one from wildfire threat monitoring and the other from air traffic monitoring. Both cases are distributed (spatial and temporal) information systems. The systems deal with temporal and spatial fusion of heterogeneous data obtained from multiple sources, where the schema, availability and quality vary. The behavior of both systems is explained thoroughly in terms of the detection of the failure in the systems and the recognition of the redundant and complimentary sensors. A comparison between the methodology in this dissertation and the alternative methods is described to further verify the validity of the sheaf theory method. It is seen that the method has less computational complexity in both space and time.