M.Tech.

Graduation date: 1997

Ett av fem spädbarn drabbas av kolik under första tre levnadsmånaderna. I övrigt friska spädbarn skriker, gråter och är otröstbara minst tre timmar i sträck per dag mer än tre dagar i veckan. Trots att kolik är ett vanligt förekommande problem för både spädbarn och föräldrar finns det idag ingen effektiv behandling. Etiologin är oklar men rökning och mental ohälsa hos modern prepartum, födoämnesallergi och ett outvecklat magtarmsystem hos spädbarnet tros vara några bidragande faktorer. Denna litteraturstudie granskar åtta artiklar för att dels undersöka skillnaderna i tarmfloran mellan spädbarn med och utan kolik, om skillnaderna kan förklara kolik samt probiotikas effekt vid kolik. Granskade studier visar att förekomsten av Proteobacteria, koliforma bakterier och Escherichia coli är högre hos spädbarn med kolik. Till skillnad från spädbarn utan kolik uppvisar kolikbarn en mindre bakteriell mångfald, mindre kolonisation av Bacteroidetes och de gynnsamma bakteriesläkterna Lactobacillus och Bifidobacterium. Hos ammade kolikbarn som behandlades med den probiotiska bakteriestammen Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 erhölls i två av tre studier  god effekt av probiotika utan några biverkningar där gråttiden reducerats till mer än hälften. Resultatet varierar geografiskt och evidensen kring probiotikas effekt hos flaskmatade spädbarn med kolik är fortfarande bristfällig. Det är oklart om en förändrad tarmflora kan orsaka kolik eller är ett resultat av koliken då tarmfloran är mycket komplex och fler studier inom området behövs. / One out of five infants suffer from colic during the first three months of life. Otherwise healthy infants suffer from severe crying and are unable to be comforted during at least three consecutive hours per day for more than three days a week. Although colic is a common problem for both babies and parents, there is currently no effective treatment. The etiology is unclear, but smoking and  prepartum maternal mental illness, allergies to foods and an undeveloped gastrointestinal system in infants are believed to be contributing factors. This study reviews eight articles that examine the differences in intestinal flora between infants with and without colic, to see if the differences can explain colic and probiotic effect in colicky infants. Reviewed studies show that the prevalence of Proteobacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli is higher in infants with colic. Unlike infants without colic, colicky infants exhibit a minor bacterial diversity, reduced colonization of Bacteroidetes and the beneficial bacterial genus of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Breastfed colicky infants treated with the probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, obtained, in two out of three studies, a positive effect on colic symtoms without any side effects, where the crying time was reduced to less than half. Results vary geographically and evidence for a probiotic effect on bottle-fed infants with colic is still inadequate. It remains unclear whether an altered intestinal flora can cause colic or is a result of colic as the intestinal flora is very complex and more studies are needed in this area.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 23-28). Also available via the Internet.

No description available.

Approximately 4% of horses suffer from one colic episode per year. The outcome is fatal in 11% of cases. F2-isoprostanes are the "gold standard" for assessment of oxidative stress in vivo and have been used extensively to quantify lipid peroxidation in association with risk factors in various diseases in humans. Because horses with colic may have intestinal ischemia and/or inflammation characterized by oxidative stress and increased production of isoprostanes, measurement of isoprostane concentrations in colicky horses may be of clinical value. The purpose of this study was to gather preliminary data on the feasibility of using urine isoprostane concentrations as an early screening tool for the severity of colic and to determine the need for surgery. The long term goal of this investigation is to reduce the number of deaths due to colic by developing a stall-side test capable of identifying horses needing surgery as early as possible and expediting their timely referral. We hypothesized that urine isoprostanes and isoprostane metabolites would be significantly higher in horses with colic compared to normal horses and that they can be used an indicator for the need for surgical intervention. Urine samples were collected from 42 normal horses and 38 horses with colic (21 medical and 22 surgical). Urine isoprostane and isoprostane metabolite concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry and normalized by urine creatinine (Cr) concentrations. Statistical analysis was performed using a one way ANOVA (Tukey's post-hoc comparison) and a 2 sample t-test. Significance was set at P<0.05. Mean (± SD) concentrations of isoprostanes and isoprostane metabolites were significantly higher in urine samples of horses with colic (2.94 ± 1.69 ng/mg Cr and 0.31 ± 0.22 ng/mg Cr, respectively) compared to healthy horses (1.89 ± 1.39 ng/mg Cr and 0.22 ± 0.08 ng/mg Cr, respectively). Urine isoprostane metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in horses undergoing surgery (0.38 ± 0.28 ng/mg Cr) compared to healthy control horses and medically treated colic horses (0.26 ± 0.11 ng/mg Cr). Non-survivors had significantly higher mean urine isoprostane metabolite concentrations (0.47 ± 0.39 ng/mg Cr) compared to healthy control horses and surviving colic horses (0.29 ± 0.24 ng/mg Cr). Since urinary concentrations of isoprostane metabolites are increased in horses suffering from colic and in non-survivor colic horses, the measurement of urine concentrations of isoprostane metabolites may be an important prognostic indicator in equine colic. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Tech.:Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003 163 leaves / Wessel et al. (1954) described the most accepted definition of infantile colic as, “Unexplainable and uncontrolled crying in babies from 0 to 3 months old”. The authors qualify their definition further by stating that the crying occurs for more than 3 hours a day, more than 3 days a week, for 3 weeks or more, usually in the afternoon and evening hours. Although this definition is old, it is the most widely recognized definition to date and is still used by authors (Canivet et al. 1996; Lindberg 1999; Wiberg et al. 1999; Lindberg 2000 and Sondergaard et al. 2000). Infantile colic is an idiopathic condition, with much debate about its aetiology and treatment (Pineyard 1992). It presents as excessive crying in an otherwise healthy infant who has a normal weight gain (Wiberg et al. 1999; Olafsdottir et al. 2001) and is one of the most frequent problems presented to paediatricians by new parents (Barr 1998). Furthermore, it is a self-limiting and benign condition with approximately 47% of cases resolving at 3 months, a further 41% resolving between 3 and 6 months, and the remaining 12% resolving between 6 and 12 months (Hide and Guyer 1982). Approximately 10 to 20% of infants under the age of three months suffer from infantile colic (Becker et al. 1998) and less than 5% of colicky infants suffer from organic diseases (Barr 1998). The diagnosis of infantile colic is arrived at by the method of exclusion, completing a thorough history and physical examination to rule out any possible serious illness or infection that may be present (Balon 1997). Lissauer and Clayden (1997: 126) noted that there is no firm evidence that the causative mechanism of infantile colic may be attributed to intestinal, biliary or renal causes. The authors further stipulated that cow’s milk intolerance and gasto-oesphageal reflux are seldom responsible. Effective treatment and management of infantile colic is necessary as the difficulties associated with inconsolable crying may persist and although infantile colic is not detrimental to an infant's health, it places tremendous stress on the family (Balon 1997). Moderate to severe cases of infantile colic, as stated by Lund et al. (1998), may involve uncontrollable crying for many hours during day and night, every day. The authors noted that it is destructive to infant and family, as there is a risk that the condition may negatively affect the mother-child bond after three months (Becker et al. 1998) and result in the infant sustaining non-accidental injury (Lissauer and Clayden 1997: 126). In view of the fact that infantile colic responded favourably to spinal manipulation, Wiberg et al. (1999) suggested that the discomfort and colicky symptoms of infantile colic might have a musculoskeletal origin rather than the assumed yet unproven gastrointestinal origin. This hypothesis is supported by the effective treatment response observed in spinal manipulative studies on infantile colic (Wiberg et al. 1999). It leads to the suggestion that either spinal manipulation may be useful in treating visceral disorders, as spinal manipulation has been postulated to cause somatovisceral spinal reflexes (Gatterman 1990: 204), or that infantile colic may be a musculoskeletal disorder, which may explain why spinal manipulation is effective in treating infantile colic. The motion palpation of infants’ spines remains controversial (Volkening 2000). Extensive literature searches have not revealed studies that have ascertained if spinal joint dysfunctions are responsible for the colicky symptoms. The observed clinical improvement (which was noted as a decrease in crying time of the infants) of the treatment groups has lead to the conclusion that removal of spinal joint dysfunctions may play a large part in the alleviation of symptoms of infantile colic (Klougart et al. 1989; Mercer 1999: 39; Wiberg et al. 1999). In studies by Klougart et al. (1989), Mercer (1999:15), Wiberg et al. (1999), only infants suffering from infantile colic were included, therefore it is yet to be determined whether symptoms seen in infants suffering from infantile colic, possibly as a result of spinal joint dysfunction, also occur in healthy infants with no symptoms of infantile colic. As mentioned by Gottlieb (1993), manual assessment of spinal joint dysfunctions in infants is well within the means of current practice in spinal manipulation and will be beneficial, as it may help to determine if there is a correlation between spinal joint dysfunctions and the prevalence of infantile colic. This study may result in more effective diagnosis and management of this benign, yet distressing condition. The purpose of the study is to determine if the prevalence of spinal joint dysfunctions is influenced by whether or not infants suffer from infantile colic.

Thesis (M.Tech.:Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003 163 leaves / Wessel et al. (1954) described the most accepted definition of infantile colic as, “Unexplainable and uncontrolled crying in babies from 0 to 3 months old”. The authors qualify their definition further by stating that the crying occurs for more than 3 hours a day, more than 3 days a week, for 3 weeks or more, usually in the afternoon and evening hours. Although this definition is old, it is the most widely recognized definition to date and is still used by authors (Canivet et al. 1996; Lindberg 1999; Wiberg et al. 1999; Lindberg 2000 and Sondergaard et al. 2000). Infantile colic is an idiopathic condition, with much debate about its aetiology and treatment (Pineyard 1992). It presents as excessive crying in an otherwise healthy infant who has a normal weight gain (Wiberg et al. 1999; Olafsdottir et al. 2001) and is one of the most frequent problems presented to paediatricians by new parents (Barr 1998). Furthermore, it is a self-limiting and benign condition with approximately 47% of cases resolving at 3 months, a further 41% resolving between 3 and 6 months, and the remaining 12% resolving between 6 and 12 months (Hide and Guyer 1982). Approximately 10 to 20% of infants under the age of three months suffer from infantile colic (Becker et al. 1998) and less than 5% of colicky infants suffer from organic diseases (Barr 1998). The diagnosis of infantile colic is arrived at by the method of exclusion, completing a thorough history and physical examination to rule out any possible serious illness or infection that may be present (Balon 1997). Lissauer and Clayden (1997: 126) noted that there is no firm evidence that the causative mechanism of infantile colic may be attributed to intestinal, biliary or renal causes. The authors further stipulated that cow’s milk intolerance and gasto-oesphageal reflux are seldom responsible. Effective treatment and management of infantile colic is necessary as the difficulties associated with inconsolable crying may persist and although infantile colic is not detrimental to an infant's health, it places tremendous stress on the family (Balon 1997). Moderate to severe cases of infantile colic, as stated by Lund et al. (1998), may involve uncontrollable crying for many hours during day and night, every day. The authors noted that it is destructive to infant and family, as there is a risk that the condition may negatively affect the mother-child bond after three months (Becker et al. 1998) and result in the infant sustaining non-accidental injury (Lissauer and Clayden 1997: 126). In view of the fact that infantile colic responded favourably to spinal manipulation, Wiberg et al. (1999) suggested that the discomfort and colicky symptoms of infantile colic might have a musculoskeletal origin rather than the assumed yet unproven gastrointestinal origin. This hypothesis is supported by the effective treatment response observed in spinal manipulative studies on infantile colic (Wiberg et al. 1999). It leads to the suggestion that either spinal manipulation may be useful in treating visceral disorders, as spinal manipulation has been postulated to cause somatovisceral spinal reflexes (Gatterman 1990: 204), or that infantile colic may be a musculoskeletal disorder, which may explain why spinal manipulation is effective in treating infantile colic. The motion palpation of infants’ spines remains controversial (Volkening 2000). Extensive literature searches have not revealed studies that have ascertained if spinal joint dysfunctions are responsible for the colicky symptoms. The observed clinical improvement (which was noted as a decrease in crying time of the infants) of the treatment groups has lead to the conclusion that removal of spinal joint dysfunctions may play a large part in the alleviation of symptoms of infantile colic (Klougart et al. 1989; Mercer 1999: 39; Wiberg et al. 1999). In studies by Klougart et al. (1989), Mercer (1999:15), Wiberg et al. (1999), only infants suffering from infantile colic were included, therefore it is yet to be determined whether symptoms seen in infants suffering from infantile colic, possibly as a result of spinal joint dysfunction, also occur in healthy infants with no symptoms of infantile colic. As mentioned by Gottlieb (1993), manual assessment of spinal joint dysfunctions in infants is well within the means of current practice in spinal manipulation and will be beneficial, as it may help to determine if there is a correlation between spinal joint dysfunctions and the prevalence of infantile colic. This study may result in more effective diagnosis and management of this benign, yet distressing condition. The purpose of the study is to determine if the prevalence of spinal joint dysfunctions is influenced by whether or not infants suffer from infantile colic.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1984. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-276).

M.Tech. / Infantile colic typically occurs in 10-30% of infants between the ages of two weeks and sixteen weeks (Savino, 2007) and may be defined according to “Wessel’s rule of threes” which states that a diagnosis may be made when a healthy baby with no underlying disease cries for more than 3 hours a day on more than 3 days a week for a period of 3 weeks (Zwart et al., 2007). Infantile colic usually begins at two weeks of age and increases in intensity at about six weeks until around sixteen weeks where it usually resolves spontaneously (Cox & Roos, 2008). Its cause is not exactly known but a number of theories are suggestive of causes that may play a role in its development (Pauli-Pott et al., 2000), namely gastrointestinal disorders and allergies, neurological disorders, a stressful parent environment, low birth weight, maternal smoking and diet. Research has shown that the stress from colicky infants can damage early interaction of a family (Raiha et al., 2002). Studies have shown that conventional medication may prove efficacious in the treatment of infantile colic, however, a high rate of side effects are evident (Underwood, 2009). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Magen®, a homeopathic complex on the treatment of Infantile Colic by means of an Infant Colic Questionnaire for infant and caregiver as well as a daily monitoring diary to record the amount and duration of infant crying on a daily basis. The study was approved and passed by the University of Johannesburg’s Faculty of Health Sciences Academic Ethics Committee (AEC45/02-2010) and the Higher Degrees Committee (HDC45/02-2010) on the 26th of May 2010. There were thirty participants recruited to participate in the study. The thirty participants consisted of both males and females between the ages of two weeks and ten weeks. Of the thirty participants recruited, one was recruited from the Karien Camphor Nursing Practice in Pretoria and the remaining twenty nine were recruited from the Stork’s Nest at Netcare Femina Hospital in Pretoria. Infants had to comply with Wessel’s criteria (infant that cries for more than 3 hours a day on more than 3 days a week for a period of 3 weeks). Infants already diagnosed with an underlying condition other than colic, such as gastroeosophageal reflux disease, any infection or cardiac disease were excluded from the study. The study was a randomised, double-blind placebo controlled study of six days in duration for each participant.