The experiences of minority nurses in Appalachia as across the country, from 1900-1964, varied by ethnicity. African American nurses were denied admission to "White" schools of nursing and were banned from employment in White hospitals. African American patients were admitted to small, inadequate "Negro" or "Colored" wards in Knoxville area hospital basements, which were often described a dark, cold and damp, if they were admitted at all. In response to these dire conditions, the first African American hospital in Appalachia, the Eliza B. Wallace Hospital was founded on the Knoxville College campus in 1907. The school added a nurse training program which was the first and for many years the only nurses training available to Appalachian African American women. The Helen Mae Lennon Hospital, a second hospital for African Americans was founded in the 1920s in Knoxville and also had a nurse training program. During this era,the U S government had an "assimilation policy" of "Americanizing" or "civilizing" Native Americans. Eastern Band Cherokee Indian women could be and were admitted to White schools of nursing including Knoxville General Hospital's program. they could and did join the US Army Nurse corps in WWII. The experiences of both groups will be examined along side the White nurses experiences.

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INTRODUCTION. The enhanced susceptibility of children and adolescents to the adverse effects of pesticides is a priority of regulatory agencies, whose primary concern is typically the development of risk-based regulations to protect consumers and the general population. An important subpopulation occupationally exposed to pesticides at an early age is the children of migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFWs). Because this group is difficult to access, information is sparse on their age distributions and chemical exposure. EPA pesticide regulations do not adequately address these younger workers. METHODS. The regular summer health screenings performed on tomato Farms in East Tennessee by Rural Medical Services Inc., a Community and Migrant Health Center, afforded and opportunity for Students in her professions to engage in community-based research to query MSFWs on issues childhood and adolescent pesticide exposure. RESULTS 132 adults participated, with 19 providing information about 33 of their children. MSFWs began working in agriculture in Mexico or Central America did so at younger ages, with 58.8% age 1838.1% of those who started in U.S. (p=0.038). Weather in the US or in Mexico/Central America the proportion of survey children under 12 years old and they began working around pesticide-treated crops was 13.1%. Wars in tomatoes fields in Southeastern U.S.CONCLUSIONS Children under 12 maybe occupationally exposed. The capital MSFW population is a largely intact source of data on childhood and adolescent occupational exposure to pesticides.

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