Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-35).

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-255).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa_Fachin.pdf: 7147263 bytes, checksum: c3f02dba66f39392f3087baf7f763360 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis presents the paleovalley head evolution in the Chopinzinho drainage basin inside Araucária Plateau (Planation Surface 2), aiming to understand the landscape evolution in the South Brazil during the Upper Quaternary. The stratigraphic record was characterized using the combined criteria of pedo-, litho-, allo-, and cronostratigraphic, for which chronology was establish by 14C (AMS) and thermoluminescence. As base these criteria was utilized following technical: field survey, laboratory analyses (textural, ten major oxides more zirconium oxide, clay mineralogy, and dating) and office work (cluster statistical analysis and organization of date). It has been done the reconstitution spatial distribution of the paleosol and paleogullies by drilling. The field survey showed stratigraphic section in the cutting rural road. Therein was identified paleosol with Ab horizon (27.36 + 0.14 Kyr BP 44.13 Kyr cal. BP), paleogullies field of colluvium (15 beds), colluvium-alluvial (4 beds) and alluvial (1 bed). The colluvium beds was divided into clogging faces and ramp faces. The paleogullies were generated in Last Glacial Maximum (< 24 Kyr to > 17 Kyr BP.) and in Medium Holocene (< 7 Kyr to > 4 Kyr BP). This last moment were generated two paleogullies generations promoting the larger erosion phenomenon in the paleovalley head. The paleovalley head happens to be clogging in the Upper Holocene (< 4 Kyr BP) and change of the morphology becoming colluvium ramp. The palleovalley head was eroded by spot drainage and becoming one convex mound in the end of period. This moment there was one inversion of the relief. / Esta dissertação apresenta a evolução de uma paleocabeceira de drenagem no Planalto das Araucárias (Superfície 2),buscando contribuir para o entendimento do Quaternário Tardio do Sul do Brasil. O registro estratigráfico foi caracterizado utilizando-se dos critérios conjugados da pedo-, lito-, alo- e cronoestratigrafia, cuja cronologia foi estabelecida pelo 14C (AMS) e termoluminescência (TL). Com base nesses critérios foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: levantamento de campo, análises laboratoriais (granulométrica, análise química dos 10 principais óxidos + Zircônio,mineralogia da fração argila e ainda datações por 14C e luminescência) e trabalho de gabinete (análise estatística por similaridade Cluster e organização dos dados). Foi feita a reconstituição da distribuição espacial do paleossolo e das paleovoçorocas por meio de sondagens. O levantamento de campo revelou seção estratigráfica exposta em corte de estrada. Nela identificou-se: paleossolo com horizonte A húmico (27.360 + 140 anos AP. 44.130 cal. AP.), paleovoçorocas colmatadas por colúvios (15 camadas), colúvio-alúvio (4 camadas) e alúvios (1 camada). As camadas colúviais foram subdivididas em fácies de colmatação e fácies de rampa.As paleovoçorocas foram geradas no Último Máximo Glacial (< 24.000 a> 17.000 anos AP) e no Holocêno Médio (< 7.000 anos a > 4.000 anos AP). Neste último período foram geradas duas gerações de paleovoçorocas, promovendo o maior fenômeno erosivo na cabeceira de drenagem. A paleocabeceira de drenagem passa a ser colmatada no Holoceno Superior (< 4.000 anos AP) e muda de morfologia para rampa de colúvio. No final desse período, a rampa de colúvio é dissecada pela drenagem local e torna-se uma colina convexa. Nessafasehouveumainversão de relevo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa_Fachin.pdf: 7147263 bytes, checksum: c3f02dba66f39392f3087baf7f763360 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis presents the paleovalley head evolution in the Chopinzinho drainage basin inside Araucária Plateau (Planation Surface 2), aiming to understand the landscape evolution in the South Brazil during the Upper Quaternary. The stratigraphic record was characterized using the combined criteria of pedo-, litho-, allo-, and cronostratigraphic, for which chronology was establish by 14C (AMS) and thermoluminescence. As base these criteria was utilized following technical: field survey, laboratory analyses (textural, ten major oxides more zirconium oxide, clay mineralogy, and dating) and office work (cluster statistical analysis and organization of date). It has been done the reconstitution spatial distribution of the paleosol and paleogullies by drilling. The field survey showed stratigraphic section in the cutting rural road. Therein was identified paleosol with Ab horizon (27.36 + 0.14 Kyr BP 44.13 Kyr cal. BP), paleogullies field of colluvium (15 beds), colluvium-alluvial (4 beds) and alluvial (1 bed). The colluvium beds was divided into clogging faces and ramp faces. The paleogullies were generated in Last Glacial Maximum (< 24 Kyr to > 17 Kyr BP.) and in Medium Holocene (< 7 Kyr to > 4 Kyr BP). This last moment were generated two paleogullies generations promoting the larger erosion phenomenon in the paleovalley head. The paleovalley head happens to be clogging in the Upper Holocene (< 4 Kyr BP) and change of the morphology becoming colluvium ramp. The palleovalley head was eroded by spot drainage and becoming one convex mound in the end of period. This moment there was one inversion of the relief. / Esta dissertação apresenta a evolução de uma paleocabeceira de drenagem no Planalto das Araucárias (Superfície 2),buscando contribuir para o entendimento do Quaternário Tardio do Sul do Brasil. O registro estratigráfico foi caracterizado utilizando-se dos critérios conjugados da pedo-, lito-, alo- e cronoestratigrafia, cuja cronologia foi estabelecida pelo 14C (AMS) e termoluminescência (TL). Com base nesses critérios foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: levantamento de campo, análises laboratoriais (granulométrica, análise química dos 10 principais óxidos + Zircônio,mineralogia da fração argila e ainda datações por 14C e luminescência) e trabalho de gabinete (análise estatística por similaridade Cluster e organização dos dados). Foi feita a reconstituição da distribuição espacial do paleossolo e das paleovoçorocas por meio de sondagens. O levantamento de campo revelou seção estratigráfica exposta em corte de estrada. Nela identificou-se: paleossolo com horizonte A húmico (27.360 + 140 anos AP. 44.130 cal. AP.), paleovoçorocas colmatadas por colúvios (15 camadas), colúvio-alúvio (4 camadas) e alúvios (1 camada). As camadas colúviais foram subdivididas em fácies de colmatação e fácies de rampa.As paleovoçorocas foram geradas no Último Máximo Glacial (< 24.000 a> 17.000 anos AP) e no Holocêno Médio (< 7.000 anos a > 4.000 anos AP). Neste último período foram geradas duas gerações de paleovoçorocas, promovendo o maior fenômeno erosivo na cabeceira de drenagem. A paleocabeceira de drenagem passa a ser colmatada no Holoceno Superior (< 4.000 anos AP) e muda de morfologia para rampa de colúvio. No final desse período, a rampa de colúvio é dissecada pela drenagem local e torna-se uma colina convexa. Nessafasehouveumainversão de relevo.

The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable remediation techniques via engineering geological assessment of the landslide that occurred during the construction of Artvin-Savsat Junction - Meydancik Provincial Road at Km: 12+200 in an active landslide area. For this purpose, the geotechnical parameters of the mobilized geological material which is colluvium along the sliding surface were determined by back analyses of the landslide at three geological sections. The landslide were then modeled along the most representative section of the study area by considering the landslide mechanism, the parameters determined from the geotechnical investigations, the size of the landslide and the location of the slip circle. In addition, pseudostatic stability analyses were performed comprising the earthquake potential of the site. The most suitable slope remediation technique was determined to be a combination of surface and subsurface conditions. A static analysis of the landslide shall also be performed through utilizing finite element analyses. The static analyses were compared with the inclinometer readings in the field to verify the direction of the movement. Consequently, shear strength parameters were specified as c = 0 kPa and f = 10&deg / for the landslide material and pre-stressed anchoring and rock buttressing were considered as a remediation method.

Koyulhisar settlement area is located on the northern flank of Kelkit valley which is seismically active and landslide-prone area. The settlement area was adversely affected from active landslides and some of the houses were evacuated. The purpose of this thesis is to delineate areas where slope instability exists within the Koyulhisar settlement area, and to investigate an active landslide by means of field observations, drilling, sampling, field and laboratory testing, and in-situ monitoring using inclinometer. Based on the field studies, it is observed that flyschoidal sequence as bedrock and colluvium consisting clay and silt with some gravel are the main lithological units exposed in the study area. Two landslide affected areas are identified, the one investigated due to its adverse effect to some important governmental buildings, has a non-circular failure surface due to the existence of the flyschoidal sequence below the colluvium. The inclinometer measurements reveal that the displacements are local and their velocities are generally less than 14 mm/year indicating that the landslide is an extremely slow landslide. In addition, high groundwater table is observed as one of the major parameters in occurrence of landslide.

A new and relatively unexplored source of archaeological and environmental information on the Chalkland are the sediments of dry valleys. From relatively recent studies these deposits have been shown to be the product of ancient land use and soil loss and a rich repository of both primary and archaeological material. There have, however, been no attempts to determine the spatial distribution of this class of ancient valley deposit - for the purpose of this project termed archaeo-colluvium. The study focuses on the north-west part of the Berkshire Downs (58km²), a landscape of both chalk and superficial drift deposits, which together with relict ancient fields, lynchets and settlement features offered a suitable area in which to develop and test a method for predicting the distribution of these deposits. The project uses a multi-disciplinary approach which combines the traces of ancient arable (Celtic fields), some topographic parameters and assumptions about past soils, erosion regimes, and colluvial preservation in the development a GIS-based predictive model for the distribution of archaeo-colluvium within this study region. Following the production of a map of predicted sites, archaeo-colluvium was checked in the field by an extensive auger and trench survey of the main valleys and tributaries. Dry valley sequences were assembled and dated, both for the purposes of evaluating the accuracy of the model and to draw some archaeological implications from the nature and distribution of these deposits. A synthesis of local soils, colluvium and wider archaeological observations suggested a three-stage chronology for prehistoric and Romano-British land use on the Berkshire Downs, centred around earliest arable use at Seven Barrows with later shifts to surrounding catchments of mixed chalk and clay soils. The results of the field program were encouraging with the predictive model verified at 71% of target sites. A number of field observations were contrary to the original model, notable among these were that thicker sequences were common in landscapes of heavier soils as was evacuation of valley sediments from open chalk landscapes. This feedback allowed some modified principles to be briefly tested on three other Chalkland landscapes.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

[pt] O fenômeno de liquefação está diretamente relacionado a uma diminuição acentuada da resistência não drenada em materiais saturados, induzida por uma redução significativa das tensões efetivas, em decorrência do desenvolvimento de elevadas poropressões. O mecanismo, em muitos casos, é associado a eventos sísmicos. Em regiões assísmicas, como no Rio de Janeiro, corridas de detritos deflagradas por chuvas intensas podem envolver este fenômeno, agora associado a carregamentos estáticos. Para a investigação da susceptibilidade à liquefação de solos coluvionares do Rio de Janeiro, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de dois locais: Campo Experimental da PUC-Rio e bacia do rio Quitite. Na primeira fase do programa experimental desenvolvido foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física, química e mineralógica dos dois materiais. Após a caracterização, passou-se ao estudo da compressibilidade dos solos, através da realização de ensaios de velocidade de deslocamento constante (CRD) em corpos de prova indeformados, obtendo-se a tendência da linha virgem. Em seguida estudou-se o comportamento tensão-deformação e a resistência dos materiais com a execução de ensaios triaxiais de compressão, adensados isotropicamente e cisalhados na condição não drenada, com medida de poro-pressões à meia altura e na base dos corpos de prova. A influência da velocidade de cisalhamento foi analisada nesta fase das investigações. Com as análises dos resultados e entendimento do comportamento tensão-deformação destes materiais em condições de laboratório, concluiu-se que os mesmos não são susceptíveis à liquefação. / [en] The liquefaction phenomenon is directly related to a remarkable decrease of undrained strength of saturated materials, induced by significant reduction of effective stress due to high pore-pressures development. In most of the cases, the mechanism is associated to seismic events. In non seismic areas, like Rio de Janeiro, debris flow triggered by heavy rainfalls may involve this phenomenon, now associated to static loading. For an investigation of liquefaction susceptibility of colluvium soils from Rio de Janeiro, undisturbed samples were collected from two sites: Campo Experimental of PUC-Rio and the basin of the Quitite river. In the first phase of this developed experimental program, physical characterization, chemical and mineralogical tests were performed. After characterization, soil compressibility was evaluated through constant rate of deformation tests (CRD) performed in undisturbed samples, resulting in definition of virgin line tendencies. Following that, the stress-strain behavior and strength were studied using triaxial compression tests, isotropically consolidated and sheared in undrained condition, with pore-pressure measured both at the middle and at the base of the samples. The shear rate influence was analyzed in this investigation phase. Based on the analysis of the obtained results and the understanding of the stress-strain behavior of the studied materials under laboratory.