本論文自後殖民角度檢視英國劇作家彼德•謝弗之《皇家獵日》一劇。筆者論證，劇作家雖身為當代殖民國之一員，在劇中卻撻伐殖民主義且對被殖民者深表同情。此外，劇作家在劇中亦強調殖民者遭受之反撲，藉以呈現十六世紀時，西班牙與印加帝國跨文化接觸對被殖民者及殖民者造成之毀滅。 論文第二章探討謝弗在劇中對殖民的控訴。筆者援引薩依德（Edward W. Said）、西賽爾（Aimé Césaire）、戴蒙（Jared Diamond）及帕瑞克（Bhikhu Parekh）之觀點，分析殖民利益薰心的真面目及藉口。筆者試圖證明，劇作家藉由揭露劇中各殖民者汲汲營營追求各自的利益，表達他對此類唯利是圖的殖民者之唾棄及控訴。 第三章重點則在討論劇作家對劇中皮薩羅（Francisco Pizarro）此殖民者之矛盾的情感。劇作家一方面批評皮薩羅對印加帝國及其國王的迷思，另一方面又表達對此年邁又絕望的殖民者的同情。在探討劇作家對皮薩羅的批評時，筆者引用薩依德在《東方主義》（Orientalism）中對他者（the other）的探討。而討論劇作家對皮薩羅的憐憫時，筆者則並置歷史中之皮薩羅及劇作家呈現之皮薩羅，藉以比較出劇作家對此角色之同情。 筆者於論文第四章則著重在劇尾之探討。筆者援引梅彌（Albert Memmi）及西賽爾之觀點，指出事實上殖民對殖民者有一反撲之力量。劇末，不論是殖民者或被殖民者，其國家、宗教及個人都呈現出毀滅之狀。筆者認為，劇作家藉此結局表達對殖民（colonial apparatus）的強烈譴責，並傳遞「掠奪者必遭應得之懲罰」的訊息。此結局同時也透露出劇作家悲觀的情懷。 謝弗於1950年代創作此劇，於1964年上演，當時後殖民意識並不普遍，然有感於周遭大環境之改變，敏感如謝弗之劇作家，於劇中表達他的看法。謝弗一方面站在人道立場，表達他對被殖民者的同情，另一方面則試圖為殖民者表達其遭受殖民反撲之痛苦命運。此一探討殖民者受到的反撲於後殖民研究中相當罕見，謝弗這一觀點實為他的遠見及對後殖民研究的貢獻。 / This thesis examines The Royal Hunt of the Sun written by the British playwright, Peter Shaffer, from a post-colonial perspective. I argue that Shaffer, as a member of the twentieth-century colonial world, censures colonialism and holds a sympathetic attitude towards the colonized in The Royal Hunt of the Sun. Accentuating the backlash against the colonizer, the playwright presents the destructive force in the cross-cultural encounter for both the colonizer and the colonized. In chapter two I discuss Shaffer’s accusation of colonization. To analyze the profit-driven colonization and the pretexts adopted by the colonizers, I apply post-colonial and anthropological concepts expounded by Edward W. Said, Aimé Césaire, Jared Diamond, and Bhikhu Parekh. I maintain that by disclosing the colonizers’ fervent pursuit of interests in The Royal Hunt of the Sun, the playwright brings his accusation against both the colonizer and the act of colonization. After showing Shaffer’s common stance with most post-colonial scholars—accusation of colonization and sympathy for the colonized—I highlight in chapter three the playwright’s ambivalent sentiment of the colonial commander, Francisco Pizarro. To examine Shaffer’s critique of the Conquistador’s projected expectation of the Inca Empire and its king, I adopt Said’s criticism of Westerners’ stereotypical imagination of the other in Orientalism. I also juxtapose the historical Pizarro with Shaffer’s Pizarro and the turning point of Adela Quested’s attitude in the trial scene of E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India with the change of the colonial general’s attitude in The Royal Hunt of the Sun in order to demonstrate the playwright’s compassion for the aged colonial commander. Chapter four focuses on the discussion on the ending of the play. Albert Memmi’s and Césaire’s sharp points of colonization’s boomerang effects on the colonizer are brought into this discussion. I argue that the ending shows the playwright’s ultimate reprimand of colonial apparatus and his pessimistic attitude toward cross-cultural contact. The colonized as well as the colonizer is shown destroyed by colonization, and plunder, in whatever means, receives its deserved punishment. In the global post-colonial sentiment permeating the 1950s and 1960s when Shaffer wrote this play, the playwright expresses his concerns through this play. On the one hand, in the humanistic position, he is sympathetic to the colonized. On the other hand, he also attempts to stand in the perspective of the colonizers in order to express the backlash and harm the colonizers undergo. This perspective is indeed rare in the post-colonial study nowadays and can be treasured as Shaffer’s vision and contribution to the post-colonial study.

Orala bakterier, såsom de tidiga kolonisatörerna; Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis och Actinomyces naeslundii uttrycker ett brett spektrum av ytadhesiner som möjliggör inbindning till receptorer i tandpellikeln. Saliv, gingivalt exudat (GCF) och kollagen I i cement på blottade rotytor erbjuder möjliga ytor i munhålan där bakterier kan adherera och bilda biofilm. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida utvalda bakterier kan förändra genuttryck beroende på innehållet i olika ytor. Laborativa in vitro-försök genomfördes där de fyra bakteriearterna tilläts växa på ytor täckta med de tre olika substrat; saliv, serum och kollagen I. Graden av inducerad proteolytisk aktivitet, yt-associerad såväl som utsöndrad, uppskattades därefter med hjälp av ett FITC-konjugerat substrat, radiell diffusionsteknik samt spektrofotometri. Enligt studiens hypotes skulle bakteriearterna anpassa sig beroende på ytan de fäste till, och därigenom ändra metabol aktivitet såsom proteasuttryck. Baserat på resultaten kunde små förändringar noteras. Dock kunde inga bestämda slutsatser dras vad gäller förändrad proteolytisk förmåga hos de utvalda bakterierna exponerade för de olika orala ytorna i studien. / Oral bacteria, such as the early colonizers; Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces naeslundii display a wide range of surface adhesins which enable them to bind to receptors in the tooth pellicle. Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and collagen I in cementum on uncovered root surfaces present possible binding sites in the oral cavity onto which microorganisms can adhere and form a biofilm. The aim of this study was to assess whether these selected bacteria can alter their gene expression in response to protein components found on the various surfaces. In vitro laboratory assays were conducted, where the four oral species were added to surfaces coated with three substrates; human saliva, human serum and collagen I. The degree of induced proteolytic activity, surface-associated as well as secreted, was subsequently assessed using a FITC-labelled protease substrate, radial diffusion assays on skim milk agar and spectrophotometry. The hypothesis underlying the study was that bacterial species adapt depending on the surfaces they adhere to, thus altering protease expression. Based on the results, small variations could be detected, although no firm conclusion can be drawn regarding proteolytic abilities of the selected bacteria when exposed to the surfaces tested here.

Submitted by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-06T11:50:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-09T14:26:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T14:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Em lagos as macrófitas aquáticas são importantes fontes de matéria orgânica detrital, aumentam a complexidade do hábitat proporcionando vários nichos ecológicos a uma diversidade de espécies animais. Durante do processo de decomposição, a colonização dos detritos passa por uma sucessão ecológica entre fungos, bactérias e invertebrados, sendo seu papel fundamental para promover a circulação dos nutrientes. Assim, essa dissertação objetivou: (1) analisar os coeficientes de decomposição e a composição química dos detritos de duas macrófitas, a fim de verificar os efeitos dessas características sobre a biomassa fúngica e invertebrados; (2) analisar se o local de incubação das bolsas dos detritos influencia o recurso de hábitat e sobreposição espacial, interferindo na estrutura funcional da comunidade colonizadora. Para tanto foram realizados dois experimentos. Para o experimento 1 (setembro à dezembro de 2011), incubamos 24 bolsas de Potamogeton pectinatus e 24 de Chara zeylanica e retiradas em 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias. O material foi lavado, seco e triturado para análises químicas e determinação dos coeficientes de decomposição. A biomassa fúngica foi avaliada através do conteúdo de ergosterol. Para o experimento 2 (janeiro de 2012), foram incubadas 60 bolsas aleatoriamente divididas em 4 tratamentos, onde 15 bolsas contendo detritos de P. pectinatus foram incubadas em meio ao próprio estande (PP); 15 bolsas no estande de C. zeylanica (PC); 15 bolsas com detritos de C. zeylanica (CC) incubadas em meio ao seu estande e 15 no estande de P. pectinatus (CP), sendo retiradas em 5, 10 e 20 dias. Em ambos os estudos, os invertebrados foram classificados em grupos tróficos funcionais e determinadas a riqueza e abundância. As características químicas explicaram 59% da variação na abundância de invertebrados. A biomassa fúngica nos detritos não diferiu. A maior abundância e riqueza de invertebrados ocorreram nos detritos de P. pectinatus para o experimento 1 e nos detritos incubados em meio ao seu próprio estande (experimento 2). Houve diferença na perda de massa entre os tratamentos e entre detritos. A maior abundância na composição funcional foi de coletores - catadores e predadores, em ambos os estudos. Houve menor sobreposição espacial entre os grupos tróficos nos tratamentos em relação a PP. Nosso estudo demonstrou que os as características químicas e os coeficientes de decomposição interferem na colonização de invertebrados, relacionado ao tempo de incubação dos detritos. Além disso, o local de incubação afetou os coeficientes de decomposição e a estruturação da comunidade de invertebrados, relacionado à disponibilidade de hábitat oferecido pelos tratamentos. / In lakes the macrophytes are important sources of detrital organic matter, increase the complexity of providing various habitat niches to a variety of animal species. During the colonization process of decomposition of the waste undergoes an ecological succession among fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, and its key role in promoting the circulation of nutrients. Thus, this thesis aimed to: (1) analyze the decomposition rates and chemical composition of the detritus of two macrophytes in order to verify the effects of these characteristics on the fungal biomass and invertebrates, (2) examine if the site of the bags of incubation detritus influences the use and habitat overlap of space, affecting the functional structure of the settler community. Therefore, we performed two experiments. For experiment 1 (September to December, 2011), incubated 24 bags of Potamogeton pectinatus and 24 Chara zeylanica and withdrawn at 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. The material was washed, dried and ground for chemical analyzes and determination of the coefficients of decomposition. The fungal biomass was evaluated through the content of ergosterol. For experiment 2 (January, 2012), 60 bags were incubated randomly assigned to 4 treatments, where 15 bags of debris containing P. pectinatus were incubated in medium to own booth (PP); 15 scholarships in booth C. zeylanica (PC), 15 bags of detritus C. zeylanica (CC) incubated in the midst of its stand and 15 at the P. pectinatus (CP) and taken in 5, 10 and 20 days. In both studies, the invertebrates were classified into functional trophic groups and certain richness and abundance. The chemical characteristics explained 59% of variation in abundance of invertebrates. The fungal biomass in waste did not differ. The greatest abundance and diversity of invertebrates occurred in the debris of P. pectinatus for experiment 1 and incubated debris amidst its own booth (experiment 2). Was no difference in weight loss between treatments and among detritus. The highest abundance was in the functional composition of collectors - scavengers and predators, in both studies. There was a lower spatial overlap between trophic groups in treatments against PP. Our study demonstrated that the chemical characteristics and the coefficients of decomposition interfere with colonization of invertebrates, related to incubation time of detritus. Furthermore, the location of incubation affected the decomposition rates and invertebrate community structure, related to the availability of habitat offered by the treatments.