Diss.--Nuremberg, 1711. / At head of title: Q.D.B.V. Dated: junii, anno 1711. Errata at end of text. Reproduction of original from Kress Library of Business and Economics, Harvard University. Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 04721.14.

Thèse--Droit. / Bibliogr. p. 483-514.

Proefschrift--Rechtsgeleerdheid--Leiden, 1978. / Résumé en français. Bibliogr. p. 434-438. Index.

Diss.--Groningae--Facultas juridica, 1770.

The following study of international commodity agreements, begins with a review of the inherent market and productive characteristics of primary commodities and particularly food staples. Inelasticity of their demand and supply, coupled with the dynamic effects of technological advance, business cycles and wars, lead to two principal difficulties, which are excessive instability of prices and a tendency towards the development and persistence of surplus productive capacity. These conditions cause much hardship amongst the primary producers concerned who are generally unable to help themselves, and call upon their governments for support. Such support is readily forthcoming in those primary producing countries which are particularly dependent upon an export trade in a few staple commodities. In the light of these difficulties the probable objectives of international commodity agreements is also briefly discussed. A detailed case study of certain commodities with which international agreements have been concerned, then follows. The market characteristics, special difficulties, the history of past agreements, and an evaluation of their effects, is made for rubber, coffee, tea, wheat and sugar. In concluding, beef, tin and other international regulatory agreements are mentioned. The opinions of various international bodies are then studied to indicate the direction of current thinking and the possible form of such regulatory agreements in the future. The viewpoints of various critics are also discussed in order to indicate the complexity of the issues involved and the divergencies of opinion which characterise this problem. A detailed review is made of proposals for buffer stock schemes since the idea has only lately received attention and seems to be the only feasible approach to the problem of price instability. In conclusion, it is pointed out, that real problems exist amongst certain primary producing industries, and that international commodity agreements could make some contribution to their solution. The chief weaknesses of past agreements have lain in their price raising objectives and use of export quotas. Individual commodity agreements on a short run basis, together with permanent buffer stock schemes are advocated as a desirable supplement to future anti-cyclical policies. The short run role of commodity agreements is emphasized because of the dangers of export quotas. Buffer stocks are advocated because the problem of price instability is a constantly recurring one. Strict adherence to the provisions of the ITO charter for such agreements will largely obviate the recurrence of their past mistakes. These conclusions are not final in that many problems such as the effective elimination of excess capacity yet remain to be solved. Moreover, it is pointed out that the ultimate control of the business cycle, and industrialization of certain primary producing nations would largely eliminate the problems besetting producers which have given rise to the need for International Commodity Agreements. Because of the institutional nature of this problem little attempt has been made at a statistical analysis of international trade problems. The methodology has been based on a theoretical analysis of underlying problems, followed by a pragmatical approach to previous agreements and an investigation of the writings of the many authorities who have studied the subject. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Includes bibliographical references. / This study is specifically concerned with the effect of occupational health and safety (hereafter OHS) law in Angola and the protection it offers to employees in the oil and gas industry. The current Angolan OHS legislation continues to be characterised by the pre-independence legal system inherited from the colonial era, which creates a crisis of legitimacy and justice. This crisis may be resolved through the ratification of the International Labour Organisation OHS conventions. This dissertation examines workplace health and safety in Angola from a legal perspective in detail, and explores international instruments that are used to protect employees from unhealthy and unsafe conditions. An analysis of the relevant source materials reveals a disjunction between the international standards and the laws as implemented in Angola. It is a fact that the law is expected to offer as far as is possible reasonable health and safety protection to employees. Evidence demonstrates, however, that these laws have largely failed to meet expectations. The problem is not only the fragmentation and inconsistency of the OHS laws, but also that the framework is in need of revision and a dedicated plan to resolve the gaps in the existing legislation. The study thus explores the discontinuities and deficiencies of the regulatory framework as well as of the enforcement mechanisms. Similarly, it proposes an extensive shift of emphasis away from the current legal debate to focus on the relevant issues that will offer substantive protection to the health and safety of employees, as well as justice in law reform. Various steps need to be taken to ratify the OHS conventions in order to improve the deficient framework of OHS legislation in Angola.

Non-Standard employment in South Africa: How have we adapted in the past five years post the amendments related to non-standard employment? Chapter 1 This chapter introduces the research question. Chapter 2 Focus on legislative history pertaining to non-standard employment. Chapter 3 Review four cases prior to the recent amendments with regard to the protection of non-standard employees. 3.1 Assist Bakery 115 CC v Ngwenya N.O. and Others. 3.2 Enforce Security Group v Mwelase and Others. 3.3 Piet Wes Civils CC and Another v Association of Mineworkers and Construction (AMCU) and Others. 3.4 Assign Services (Pty) Limited v National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa and Others. Chapter 4 Conclusion in response to the research question.

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With the recent changes to the Competition Act1 , specifically with the inclusion of Section 73A2 which came into effect on the 1 May 2017 the amendment now makes provision for cartelists to face criminal charges for infringing Section 43 of the Act. Section 44 disallows firms from engaging cartel conduct and the objective of the recent amendment is to promote consumer welfare as well as to break the barriers to entry. Furthermore, allow for an open market and to promote the inclusion of all whom live in South Africa. To prohibit those involved in 'fixing of purchase' and or 'selling prices, dividing markets and/or involved collusive tendering amongst firms'. Despite the criminal sanctions created to deter cartels, firms or directors still are involved in collusive conduct. Cartel activity could not only be damaging to a firms' or directors' reputation, but also results in significant financial losses. With the recent implementation of S73A5 there is a more stern approach followed by our legislature by now holding directors of firms criminally liable for collusive conduct. What this paper seeks to address is the question as to whether the new developments made by the legislature allows for proper implementation in South Africa. Moreover, if the National Prosecuting Authority as the authoritative body has the competency to fully deal with the complexity of cartels. The South African model will be carefully examined against the backdrop of the United States and Australian advanced antitrust laws. Equally, as important also looking at what makes the United States and Australia more effective in their cartel detection and prevention. Particular attention will be given to the leniency policy which plays a pivotal role in prohibiting cartel conduct. And how criminal and civil sanctions should be considered in conjunction with leniency in an attempt to deter and eliminate cartel conduct.

First, this study stems from the urge to bring clarity as to whether, in Nigeria, there is a statutory framework based on which shareholders can seek appraisal in relation to their shares at any point in time. This is significant in that the corporate statutes in both South Africa and Nigeria provide for similar mechanisms for the protection of minority shareholders in almost every respect including the prejudicial and oppression remedy, derivative actions, squeeze-outs and so on, excepting the appraisal rights. Whilst there is clarity as to the existence of the appraisal remedy provision in South Africa’s corporate statute, the same cannot be said of Nigeria’s corporate statute. Consequently, the primary goal of this study is to identify if there is a framework for the exercise of appraisal remedy in Nigeria’s corporate statute. In carrying out this study, this dissertation examines the various components of the appraisal right provision in South Africa in detail. This helps to provide an understanding around the structure and the rationale behind a standard appraisal right provision. It is based on this understanding that certain pre-identified provisions in Nigeria’s corporate statutes will be investigated with a view to identifying potential statutory framework bearing semblance to South Africa’s appraisal right provision.