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I/D 51 -- GENERAL COUNCIL, November 1995 -- SPIRITANS AND COMMUNICATION -- ARE SPIRITANS COMMUNICATORS? -- (pg. 1) -- MASS MEDIA, A DANGER OR AN ANSWER? -- (pg. 3) -- PERENNIAL QUESTIONS THAT CHALLENGE US -- (pg. 4) -- MEDIA, A CHALLENGE FOR EVERYONE? -- (pg. 6) -- CONCLUSION -- (pg. 8)

I/D 01 -- The Generalate Team/75-1, November 1975 -- Building the Christian Community -- Our priority for action -- (pg. 1) -- An interview with father Martin van Roy, C.S.Sp. -- (pg. 1) -- Some personal reflections -- (pg. 2) -- Another testimony -- (pg. 3) -- Our Comments -- (pg 4)

I/D 12 -- The Generalate Team, September 1977 -- A more international Congregation -- (pg. 1) -- A New Challenge -- (pg. 2) -- How the Congregation can meet the Challenge -- (pg. 3) -- An International Congregation in a Local Church -- (pg. 3)

Community economic development (CED) appeals to both the left and right wing of the political spectrum for different reasons. While some might find this to be a strength of the movement, it will be argued in this thesis that this may not be the case. CED can be all things to all people. Without some form of ideological analysis, the CED movement risks being co-opted by the right wing status quo forces of our society and fails to be a progressive source of change to address structural issues of inequality and oppression. This thesis develops a CED ideological model that can be used as a lens to inform both CED theory and practice. Case studies of SEED Winnipeg, the Assiniboine Credit Union and the People’s Cooperative will be used to illustrate the potential application of the CED ideological model. A discussion of the definition of CED is initially presented followed by an outline of the analytical tools that are used to develop the CED ideological model and to guide the case studies. This includes an examination of the extent to which a CED approach embraces gap filling or transformative objectives. The construction of the proposed CED ideological model based on class, market and state theory perspectives is reviewed. A modified version of the George and Wilding (1996) ideological framework is utilized including the perspectives of anti-collectivists, reluctant collectivists and collectivists. Feminist, anti-racist and anti-colonial perspectives of the CED ideological model are presented as other key elements that need to be examined within the ideological analysis model. The theory, strategies and impact measurements of CED that informs the proposed ideological analysis is further examined with respect to each of the respective CED organizations involved in the case studies. The thesis concludes with a discussion about the importance for the CED movement to have concrete tools to better analyze the role and impact of ideology on CED theory and practice.

Community economic development (CED) appeals to both the left and right wing of the political spectrum for different reasons. While some might find this to be a strength of the movement, it will be argued in this thesis that this may not be the case. CED can be all things to all people. Without some form of ideological analysis, the CED movement risks being co-opted by the right wing status quo forces of our society and fails to be a progressive source of change to address structural issues of inequality and oppression. This thesis develops a CED ideological model that can be used as a lens to inform both CED theory and practice. Case studies of SEED Winnipeg, the Assiniboine Credit Union and the People’s Cooperative will be used to illustrate the potential application of the CED ideological model. A discussion of the definition of CED is initially presented followed by an outline of the analytical tools that are used to develop the CED ideological model and to guide the case studies. This includes an examination of the extent to which a CED approach embraces gap filling or transformative objectives. The construction of the proposed CED ideological model based on class, market and state theory perspectives is reviewed. A modified version of the George and Wilding (1996) ideological framework is utilized including the perspectives of anti-collectivists, reluctant collectivists and collectivists. Feminist, anti-racist and anti-colonial perspectives of the CED ideological model are presented as other key elements that need to be examined within the ideological analysis model. The theory, strategies and impact measurements of CED that informs the proposed ideological analysis is further examined with respect to each of the respective CED organizations involved in the case studies. The thesis concludes with a discussion about the importance for the CED movement to have concrete tools to better analyze the role and impact of ideology on CED theory and practice.

This study¡¦s goal is to understand the feasibility of community overall construction that is carried out by a community union. Four villages on the right bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung were used as study subjects. It analyzes patterns of developing bottlenecks, action strategies and future projects that are developed by a country community union gathered from various clans, so as to provide references for relevant governmental units in order to promote community construction and establish related laws and rules. Few domestic literatures addresses on the integration between community union and community construction, in particular, the role of community union in community construction and governmental strategies for the promotion and assistance of the formation of community union. Thus, in order to achieve the objectives of sustainable development of resources and the construction of local union for the local empowerment through the key role of community union, this research conducts studies on the feasible models of supportive construction and development of local community unions and concludes with concrete suggestion to offer possible solution to the difficulties of sustainable development of community resources. The study uses Literature Review, In-Depth Interviews and Participant Observation. The constructer/actor and exterior supporter of the four villages in Lintzibian, Jiangong, Shitou and Silerfafawu on the right bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung were used as subjects. Furthermore, problem regarding clan integration in four community unions (South China Chinese, Hakka, Pingpu and Paywan) concerning water resources protection, bank beauty and water collection problem areas were researched. Successful foreign experiences from Germany regarding country community construction were introduced. The study attempts to determine the feasibility of community construction that is carried out by the community union. Based on literature review and current studies, this research aims to use the villages on the Right Bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung as the study subjects to conduct in-depth analysis on the actual sustainable development of resource promoted by Community Union of Right Bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung, where has be developed in the recent years, but still maintains its unique features. Three results have been found on the feasibility study of the participation of Community Union of Right Bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung in community construction: First, in terms of organizational structure of Community Union of Right Bank of Linbian Stream, Pingtung, Pintung Community Construction Center plays a communicative role; Blue Tungkang River Conservation helps and advises each community to prepare planning and develop relevant construction skills; Linbian Nature and Cultural Conservation acts as the executive due to its rich experience of community construction. All participating communities have their own right and work with the model of ¡§self construction,¡¨ self purchasing material and labor and public participation in community design. Second, for the use of resources: Resources are composed of the symbols of ethnic characteristics, nature environment and supportive function. In 1999, Linbian and Chienkung communities began the construction projects of bank beatification and Baoanlin Yungchiuan Community and by the end of 2000, upstream Shitou of Pinbu gathering also made use of local rocks to build the unique ¡§Shitou Stone Park.¡¨ The next year, Silerfafawu of upstream Paiwan tribe built their own gathering space with stone. Consequently, each ethnic group and community express their interpretation of externally learnt theory and knowledge for environmental conservation, culture preservation, and local democratization based on ¡§local hands-on experience.¡¨ Third, in the regards of human resources: The study has found the weakness of insufficient human resources provided by governmental agencies, local talents, and local participants. This study, thus, proposes action strategies including: flexible adjustment of personnel support of the public sector, establishment of data bank of local talents of community construction, alternative military service to alleviate the problem of insufficient human resources and talent fostering to reduce the burden. Judging from action experience of the four villages, this study has also concluded that the conditions for the formation of one community union have not matured yet. Each village now has not reached the stage of having sufficient human resources and in order to build up the union; in addition to regular work, each village needs to spend more time on meeting and labor division for conciliation. As a result, some matters would be postponed for final decision or simply be put aside. Moreover, each village has undergone different community construction stages and mobilization degrees and they distinguish one another from ethnic background, industrial and commercial development, demographic structure, so each of them has its own problem to tackle with. How can they work on the construction project on the footing of mutual benefit? How can resource distribution and labor division be allocated evenly? How can the communication and system be built by the public sector to handle the possible short term union based temporary issues? Budget application and verification probably will become a common problem. In short, the union of community construction in Pingtung is at the initial testing stage.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 594-632). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes special report study entitled: Environmental-behaviour studies in public space. Includes bibliographical references.