The intention of this thesis is to investigate the pattern and significance of the eschatologioal ideas in the Qur'ân. Several concordances of the words of the Qur'àn exist, but there are no concordances which contain exhaustive lists of all the references to particular ideas. My aim is to present a study of the contexts of the significant words relating to eschatology, and to abstract from these lists the pattern of the ideas about the final judgment which are constantly repeated in the Qur'àn.

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<p> This study explored one aspect of religious life, prayer, at a dynamic time in human development, adolescence. This phenomenology examined the experience of adolescent prayer among those who subscribed to Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Eighteen high school seniors from two Minnesota high schools, six from each religious group, completed a 7-day journal identifying and explaining their prayer experiences. After, each adolescent participated in a conversational interview with the researcher further exploring their individual prayer experiences. Journal and interview data were analyzed according transcendental phenomenology methods to create a synthesis of the adolescent prayer experience. Five themes of adolescent prayer were identified in the differing categories of human experience: (a) fitting prayer into adolescent life, (b) prayer's connection with the divine, (c) building identity through prayer, (d) emotional transitions from prayer, and (e) prayer as a coping method. In the end, a cyclical model of the adolescent prayer experience was created describing how prayer leads to the solidification of identity, emotional change, and a readiness to cope during everyday life.</p>

<p> The alchemical hermeneutic methodology utilizes a depth psychological understanding of alchemical operations as an interpretive lens. These processes, viewed from a depth psychological perspective, become the hermeneutical foci through which to interpret select spiritual texts. Following Jung and Romanyshyn, this dissertation further develops an alchemical hermeneutic, and utilizes this textual approach in the interpretation of four texts/traditions in order to create new horizons of meaning, expand the reader&rsquo;s relationship to text and self at personal and transpersonal levels, as well as broaden, deepen, and define a more psychologically sophisticated approach to certain spiritual texts. This multipaper theoretical dissertation discusses this hermeneutic process and uses the alchemical approach in the interpretation of the following texts and traditions: The <i>Yoga S&umacr;tras</i> of Pata&ntilde;jali, <i> The Dark Night</i> by John of the Cross, and select passages on the heart from the <i>Upanis&dotbelow;ads</i> and Eastern Christian spirituality.</p>

<p> Earthly paradise and its loss have fascinated humanity from the dawn of time. Indeed, the myth of earthly paradise is found throughout the world, and the longing for life in paradise is basic to every human being. The term paradise was first used in ancient Persia where it meant a walled garden. Thus paradise is designed to secure those inside in beauty and peace. However, such a life is also monotonous because perfection is unchangeable. </p><p> Life beyond paradise is complex and difficult, and the relevant myth is that of the hero, the being who rescues civilization from the chaos monster. We fanaticize about being such heroes and tend to worship heroes as a result. </p><p> The Eden Paradox represents the clash between our longing for paradise and our longing to be heroes. It also represents the clash between the first two stages of individuation, the preconscious and the ego-expansion stages. Thus, it has the potential two prevent one in its grip from reaching full maturity. It occurs in both individuals and groups. In individuals it manifests as inconsistent behavior with swings from joy in security to joy in saving others. In groups it manifests as a clash between a leader who acts like a deity and the followers who become passive worshipers who have lost their individuality.</p><p> If there is a cure for the Eden Paradox, it should be found in the final stage of individuation when wholeness results and in its associated myths of spiritual transformation. However, neither has a relationship to the Eden Paradox because those in its grip are not sufficiently mature to surrender part of our egos to the Self, the potential for wholeness in our unconscious minds. Thus they are trapped in eternal adolescence.</p><p> The Eden Paradox represents a central truth about humanity: We always want what we don&rsquo;t have. If we feel secure, we want challenge; if we are constantly challenged, we want a quiet life. To be human is to be dissatisfied and, thus, open to the emotional swings caused by the Eden Paradox.</p><p> Key words: mythology, earthly paradise, hero myths, Eden, Jungian psychology, individuation</p>

<p> Ancestor reverence, in this study, is considered to consist of reflecting on and honoring the women and men who came before us in our bloodlines, including those friends and chosen family who were part of our intellectual or spiritual lineages. Many traditions include beliefs that our consciousness continues after death, and some traditions hold that ancestors may influence the events of the living or intercede with the gods on the living's behalf. In many traditions ancestors are honored through altar building, rituals, and trance journeys. Rituals performed for the ancestors create strong familial and community bonds. This thesis work is important because it expanded the opportunities for me to understand my family dynamics and to develop relationships with my deceased foremothers and forefathers. I learned about myself in understanding my families' past and felt stronger connections to my lineage and progeny. The literature revealed that genealogy research is a form of ancestor reverence; especially in Western cultures that no longer have formalized ancestor reverence rituals and practices. Through genealogy research, I learned the names and stories of my ancestors and ancestresses and, in combination with that research, on a pilgrimage to my ancestral homeland, I explored my matriline using an archaeomythological and feminist lens that combined archaeology, anthropology, mythology, folklore, genetics, ecology, and history to search for the evidence of what women did throughout herstory. I gathered the stories focused on how women worked, lived and contributed to society throughout history, because the stories of my ancestresses, like the accomplishments of most women from 1500-1900, were often omitted from written history. A sacred journey can catapult the participant into greater and faster spiritual growth; this was true for me in that I may not have gained this wisdom otherwise. In this paper I explored the idea that ancestors were revered through multiple methods, including pilgrimage and creative writing. While altar building, rituals, trance journeys, and genealogy were most often recorded in written form in regards to ancestor reverence, they are not the only methods that can provide experience and impact to the descendant who honors their ancestors. I have tried to prove this assertion through academic research: I used a heuristic approach to carefully examine my personal experiences with each of these forms of ancestor reverence and an arts-based approach through creative writing to pen short works about my ancestors.</p>

<p> Cartesian dualism is analyzed as a psychological image, instead of as a philosophical proposition. This is done by first arguing that elements of existing commentary are indicative of a psychological complex, acting unconsciously, in contemporary academic communities. As a hermeneutic study, these elements are then further interpreted through a Jungian lens, specifically cultural complex theory. Myth is used to highlight and identify the deep psychological structures that are active in what I am calling <i>the Cartesian Split complex.</i> In this new context, possible origins are explored in cultural history, as well as its purpose, with potential lessons offered for a wide range of academic fields, including depth psychology. Specifically, there is a call to refine terminology used for consciousness, as well as for the overall mind-body dichotomy. Also, a new approach is offered for the history of consciousness. Most importantly, a diagnosis is given concerning the present nature of consciousness, and a potential remedy is offered, in the form of a new reading of the original texts. Such a new reading, however, depends on a new perspective, that which is constructed by the present study.</p><p>

<p> This dissertation compares Trinitarian and Buddhist epistemologies relative to the benchmark of scientific knowledge. To this end, it first develops a methodological framework for this comparison and then derives a comparative benchmark from the post-positivist philosophy of science. The methodological framework is developed by combining Francis Clooney's comparative theology with Robert John Russell's method for the Creative Mutual Interaction (CMI) of theology and science. The comparative benchmark is given by the Peircian triadic circuit since this circuit emerges as a methodological invariant within the post-positivist philosophy of science.</p><p> Trinitarian and Buddhist epistemologies are therefore compared in terms of their respective abilities to ground the Peircian circuit. However, since the Peircian circuit involves a harmonious integration of three distinct operations within a single noetic process, the ability to ground this circuit presupposes a solution to the one-and-many problem. Thus, Trinitarian and Buddhist epistemologies are <i>ultimately</i> compared in terms of their respective approaches to the one-and-many problem.</p><p> To this end, Theravada, Zen, and Tibetan Buddhist epistemologies are compared with Trinitarian epistemology. These Buddhist Schools have been chosen due to their active participation in the Buddhism-and-science dialogue. Prior to making this each tradition receives a detailed philosophical exposition in which its epistemology is derived from its metaphysical commitment to oneness, manyness, or some combination of the two. Finally, these systems are compared in terms of their respective abilities to solve the one-and-many problem and hence to ground the Peircian circuit.</p><p> This comparison shows that Trinitarian theology can ground the Peircian circuit because it has a both/and approach to the one-and-many problem and also supports an exhaustive cosmic personalism. By contrast, Theravadin Abhidhamma fails outright because its radical pluralism dissolves the human mind and hence all three Peircian operations. Between these two extremes, Tibetan Madhyamaka and Zen provide a dialectic of oneness and manyness in which the Peircian circuit is neither grounded nor destroyed. For these last two systems, therefore, the Peircian circuit emerges as a <i>de facto</i> structure of conventional knowledge.</p>

<p> In searching for restorative stories that elevate understanding and engender the capacity for seeing through the cultural chaos and confusion of modern times, this dissertation turns to Egypt at the beginning of its recorded history, approximately 3100 BCE. The ancient Egyptians faced many of the same challenges facing the world today, and they learned to weather them by creating a resilient cultural model that endured cycles of growth and decline. Their culture perpetuated while adapting and transforming. In their surviving records are some of their rituals, practices, and beliefs that provide much-needed perspectives, observations, and stories that contributed to their own renewal and capacity to regenerate their culture. </p><p> The mythological roots of renewal in ancient Egypt reveals one deity in particular who embodies the capacity to harmonize and balance the opposites&mdash;Ma&lsquo;at. She is central to the act of fostering daily reciprocal relationship and maintaining the flow of energy between the divine and the human realms. She is both the daughter of the solar god Re and his source of life. She is the embodiment of the cosmic patterns and natural laws. She is the incarnation of the offerings to the gods and their reciprocal response flowing back to the human realm. She governs the tides of justice, truth, balance, and harmony. </p><p> The collective psyche&rsquo;s inherent capacity for renewal and resilience is revealed through Ma&lsquo;at&rsquo;s story and prominence in Egyptian history. Their images and literature reveal that in the presence of Ma&lsquo;at, it is possible for human consciousness to discover the transcendent space where opposites reconcile to initiate new harmony, create unity, and guide all things to their rightful place. Balancing and harmonizing any duality creates a continuous circulation of energy in the psyche. This circulation has the potential to birth a conscious, ethical heart, an awakened heart which&mdash;as these ancient people would say&mdash;directs our saying and our doing. By recognizing Ma&lsquo;at&rsquo;s essential characteristics, understanding her relationship with her fellow deities, and identifying her foundational role within the ancient Egyptian civilization it is possible to participate in the awakening of Ma&lsquo;at&rsquo;s roots of renewal in our own times.</p><p>

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