Yes / A detailed steady state FCC riser process model is simulated for the first time with different compressibility (Z) factor correlations using gPROMS software. A 4-lump kinetic model is used where gas oil cracks to form gasoline, coke and gases. The usual practice has been the assumption that the FCC riser gas phase is an ideal gas at every point under any condition (varying C/O ratio, riser diameter, operating temperature and pressure, etc.). This work found that the Z factor varies at every point across the riser height depending on riser operating pressure and temperature, diameter and C/O ratio. It also shows that the magnitude of deviation of a gas phase from ideal gas behaviour can be measured over the riser height. The Z factor correlation of Heidaryan et al. (2010a) is found to be suitable for predicting the Z factor distribution in the riser. / Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Nigeria

Uniaxial consolidation tests of resedimented mudrocks from the offshore Gulf of Mexico reveal compression and permeability behavior that is in many ways similar to those of intact core specimens and field measurements. Porosity (n) of the resedimented mudrock also falls between field porosity estimates obtained from sonic and bulk density well logs at comparable effective stresses. Laboratory-prepared mudrocks are used as testing analogs because accurate in-situ measurements and intact cores are difficult to obtain. However, few direct comparisons between laboratory-prepared mudrocks, field behavior, and intact core behavior have been made. In this thesis, I compare permeability and compressibility of laboratory-prepared specimens from Gulf of Mexico material to intact core and field analysis of this material. I resediment high plasticity silty claystone obtained from Plio-Pleistocene-aged mudrocks in the Eugene Island Block 330 oilfield, offshore Louisiana, and characterize its compression and permeability behavior through constant rate of strain consolidation tests. The resedimented mudrocks decrease in void ratio (e) from 1.4 (61% porosity) at 100 kPa of effective stress to 0.34 (26% porosity) at 20.4 MPa. I model the compression behavior using a power function between specific volume (v=1+e) and effective stress ([sigma]'v): v=1.85[sigma]'v-⁰̇¹⁰⁸. Vertical permeability (k) decreases from 2.5·10-¹⁶ m² to 4.5·10-²⁰ m² over this range, and I model the permeability as a log-linear function of porosity (n): log₁₀ k=10.83n - 23.21. Field porosity estimates are calculated from well logs using two approaches; an empirical correlation based on sonic velocities, and a calculation using the bulk density. Porosity of the resedimented mudrock falls above the sonic-derived porosity and below the density porosity at all effective stresses. Measurements on intact core specimens display similar compression and permeability behavior to the resedimented specimens. Similar compression behavior is also observed in Ursa Basin mudrocks. Based on these similarities, resedimented Gulf of Mexico mudrock is a reasonable analog for field behavior. / text

A relatively new concept of Municipal Solid Waste treatment is known as bioreactor landfill technology. Bioreactor landfills are sanitary landfills that use microbiological processes purposefully to transform and stabilize the biodegradable organic waste constituents in a shorter period of time. One of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation. However, it is observed that ammonia rapidly accumulates in landfills that recirculate leachate and may be the component that limits the potential to discharge excess leachate to the environment. In the facultative landfill, leachate is nitrified biologically using an on-site treatment plant and converted by denitrifying bacteria to nitrogen gas, a harmless end-product. In this research, three pilot-plant scale lysimeters are used in a comparative evaluation of the effect of recirculating treated and untreated leachate on waste stabilization rates. The three lysimeters are filled with waste prepared with identical composition. One is being operated as a facultative bioreactor landfill with external leachate pre-treatment prior to recirculation, the second is being operated as an anaerobic bioreactor landfill with straight raw leachate recirculation, and the third one is the control unit and operated as a conventional landfill. Apart from environmental restrictions, geotechnical constraints are also imposed on new sanitary landfills. The scarcity of new potential disposal areas imposes higher and higher landfills, in order to utilize the maximum capacity ofthose areas. In this context, the knowledge of the compressibility of waste landfills represents a powerful tool to search for alternatives for optimization of disposal areas and new solid waste disposal technologies. This dissertation deals with and discusses the environmental and geotechnical aspects of municipal solid waste landfills. In the Environmental Engineering area, it compares the quality of the leachate and gas generated in the three lysimeters and discusses the transfer of the technology studied through lysimeters to procedures for full-scale operation. In the geotechnical area, this dissertation discusses the compressibility properties of the waste and provides a state-of-the-art review of MSW compressibility studies. It also evaluates the compressibility of MSW landfills for immediate and long-term settlements and proposes a new model for compressibility of waste landfills.

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: PharmDr. Pavel Ondrejček, Ph.D Student: Lenka Rumlerová Title of Thesis: The effect of rice extract on the compressibility and mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose tablets. This thesis deals with influence of rice extract, as a new kind of glidant on compressibility of microcrystalline celulose as a model filler. Furthermore it evaluates the impact of rice extract on tablet properties. Effects of rice extract were compared with two standard glidants - magnesium stearate and colloidal silicon dioxide. As first the influence of diferent glidants concetrations on flow properties of mixtures were assesed. Tablets were compresed using three different compression forces. A force- displacement record was used to evaluate the compressibility of microcrystalline cellulose and its mixtures with glidants. Subsequently, the properties of tablets were evaluated. The radial strenght, abrasion, and tablet disintegration time were measured. The results revealed that the rice extract has the least effect on mixtures flow poperties. However, all mixtures showed a statistically significant improvement in flowability. When using a 1 % rice extract, the flow properties of the...

Rejeitos de mineração com muita freqüência são dispostos na forma de lama. A capacidade de estocagem das lagoas onde são depositados depende de suas dimensões e formas de operação, mas também das características físicas, compressibilidade e condutividade hidráulica da lama. No presente trabalho estudam-se as características de consolidação de uma lama argilosa resultante da mineração de areia, por meio do ensaio de consolidação hidráulica (HCT) e modela-se o enchimento de uma lagoa de disposição desse rejeito, empregando a teoria de grandes deformações e mediante o software CONDES. Realizaram-se ensaios de caracterização e HCT com amostras coletadas das lagoas 2, 11 e vertedouro da Mineração Jundu Ltda. em Descalvado, São Paulo. Estes parâmetros foram necessários para as análises de simulação numérica do processo de enchimento da Lagoa 11. Os resultados dos ensaios HCT mostraram um conjunto consistente de propriedades constitutivas do material, também se verificou a importância de alcançar a condição estável nas leituras da diferença de pressão entre o topo e a base do corpo de prova, assim obter uma menor variabilidade dos resultados. A simulação de enchimento se mostrou consistente, onde se obteve a evolução do processo de consolidação em diferentes etapas do lançamento da lama. Observou-se uma concordância dos resultados obtidos na simulação de enchimento. Segundo as análises observou-se que a altura dos rejeitos após um período de dois anos é da ordem de 1.57 m. / Mining waste is frequently disposed of in the form of mud. The storage capacity of a collection reservoir of mining waste depends on its dimensions and on its operational processes, which are based on the physical characteristics of the mud and its compressibility and hydraulic conductivity. This research focuses on the study of the consolidation characteristics of a clayey mud resultant from the process of sand mining. Such characteristics were studied through Hydraulic Consolidation Tests (HCT) and by modeling the waste reservoir filling process using large deformation theory and the CONDES software. Characterization and hydraulic consolidation tests were performed on samples obtained from Reservoirs 2 and 11 and from the Jundu Mine spillway at Descalvado City in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The characterization parameters obtained were employed in performing numerical analysis of the filling process of waste reservoir 11. HCT test results show the acceptable set of constitutive properties of the analyzed material. During the testing procedures, variability of test results were minimized by obtaining stabilized pressure difference readings between the top and bottom leads of the specimen. Modeling was conducted for instantaneous and progressive filling and both methods yielded the same results. It was observed a predictable parity between the results obtained from instantaneous and progressive filling simulations. The final height after consolidation was measured at approximately two years for both instantaneous and progressive methods of filling. From the analysis, the two-year level was measured at 1.57 meter.

Ke, Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Main results --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Preliminaries --- p.7 / Chapter 3 --- Finite Speed of Propagation Property --- p.11 / Chapter 4 --- Proof of the Main Results --- p.19 / Chapter 4.1 --- Proof of Theorem 1.0.1 --- p.19 / Chapter 4.2 --- Proof of Theorem 1.0.2 --- p.24 / Chapter 5 --- Discussions --- p.26 / Bibliography --- p.30

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 48-50. / by Maura Elizabeth Donnelly. / M.S.

Rejeitos de mineração com muita freqüência são dispostos na forma de lama. A capacidade de estocagem das lagoas onde são depositados depende de suas dimensões e formas de operação, mas também das características físicas, compressibilidade e condutividade hidráulica da lama. No presente trabalho estudam-se as características de consolidação de uma lama argilosa resultante da mineração de areia, por meio do ensaio de consolidação hidráulica (HCT) e modela-se o enchimento de uma lagoa de disposição desse rejeito, empregando a teoria de grandes deformações e mediante o software CONDES. Realizaram-se ensaios de caracterização e HCT com amostras coletadas das lagoas 2, 11 e vertedouro da Mineração Jundu Ltda. em Descalvado, São Paulo. Estes parâmetros foram necessários para as análises de simulação numérica do processo de enchimento da Lagoa 11. Os resultados dos ensaios HCT mostraram um conjunto consistente de propriedades constitutivas do material, também se verificou a importância de alcançar a condição estável nas leituras da diferença de pressão entre o topo e a base do corpo de prova, assim obter uma menor variabilidade dos resultados. A simulação de enchimento se mostrou consistente, onde se obteve a evolução do processo de consolidação em diferentes etapas do lançamento da lama. Observou-se uma concordância dos resultados obtidos na simulação de enchimento. Segundo as análises observou-se que a altura dos rejeitos após um período de dois anos é da ordem de 1.57 m. / Mining waste is frequently disposed of in the form of mud. The storage capacity of a collection reservoir of mining waste depends on its dimensions and on its operational processes, which are based on the physical characteristics of the mud and its compressibility and hydraulic conductivity. This research focuses on the study of the consolidation characteristics of a clayey mud resultant from the process of sand mining. Such characteristics were studied through Hydraulic Consolidation Tests (HCT) and by modeling the waste reservoir filling process using large deformation theory and the CONDES software. Characterization and hydraulic consolidation tests were performed on samples obtained from Reservoirs 2 and 11 and from the Jundu Mine spillway at Descalvado City in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The characterization parameters obtained were employed in performing numerical analysis of the filling process of waste reservoir 11. HCT test results show the acceptable set of constitutive properties of the analyzed material. During the testing procedures, variability of test results were minimized by obtaining stabilized pressure difference readings between the top and bottom leads of the specimen. Modeling was conducted for instantaneous and progressive filling and both methods yielded the same results. It was observed a predictable parity between the results obtained from instantaneous and progressive filling simulations. The final height after consolidation was measured at approximately two years for both instantaneous and progressive methods of filling. From the analysis, the two-year level was measured at 1.57 meter.

Two foams, a polyether (density 32.5 kg/m3) and a polyester (density 38 kg/m3) foam were tested in a shock tube to analyze the interaction of a normal shock wave and a compressible porous material. The foam specimens were placed in the shock tube test section! the foam being bounded by two steel walis, two glass windows and a solid back plate. The compression chamber of the shock tube was pressurized and the diaphragm separating the compression chamber and the expansion chamber was ruptured, thus producing a normal shock wave which travels down the shock tube and strikes the foam. Piezoelectric pressure transducers 'vvera used to record the pressure before, alongside and behind the foam. A complete set of schlieren photographs, recording the interaction of the incident shock wave and the porous material were taken for each foam. A method ,tortracking the path of particles of foam (path photographs) was developed. Combining the information obtained from the pressure records, schlieren photographs and path photographs a complete picture of the shock wave foam interaction was developed. All the gas waves were identified and analyzed, A foam wave (velocity 90 m/s) travelling through the skeleton of the material was discovered. A physical model was developed to explain the high pressure recorded behind the foam. This model is based upon the foam being compressed and forming an almost solid piston, thus forcing the trapped gas into a diminishing volume and creating a high pressure behind the foam. The theoretical analyses of Monti (30), Gel'fand (20) and IBvozdeva (22) were analyz.ed and compared. The general finding was that for the range of incident mach numbers 1.~i1 to 1.46 Monti's analysis under predicts the reflected Mach number by 3 % and Gel'fand's analysis over predicts the reflected Mach number by 6 %. The coefficient of pressure increase (the ratio of the maximum pressure recorded behind the foam to the equivalent pressure recorded during ~he reflection of a shock wave from a solid wall) as predicted iJy Gvoz.deva's ane.lysisfor the polyether foam lies wjthin the scatter of the experimental results. However for the polyester foam Gvozdeva's analysis under predicts the coefficient of pressure increase by 15%. / GR 2016

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux approximations hyperboliques des équations de Navier-Stokes incompressibles en dimensions 2 et 3 d'espace. Dans un premier temps, on considère une perturbation hyperbolique de l'équation de la chaleur, introduite par Cattaneo en 1949, pour remédier au paradoxe de la propagation instantanée de cette équation. En 2004, Brenier, Natalini et Puel remarquent que la même perturbation, qui consiste à rajouter ε∂tt à l'équation, intervient en relaxant les équations d'Euler. En dimension 2, les auteurs montrent que, pour des sonnées régulières et sous certaines hypothèses de petitesse, la solution globale de la perturbation converge vers l'unique solution globale de (NS). En 2007, Paicu et Raugel améliorent les résultats de [BNP] en étendant la théorie à la dimension 3 et en prenant des données beaucoup moins régulières. Nous avons obtenu des résultats de convergence, avec données de régularité quasi-critique, qui complètent et prolongent ceux de [BNP] et [PR]. La seconde approximation que l'on considère est un nouveau modèle hyperbolique à vitesse de propagation finie. Ce modèle est obtenu en pénalisant la contrainte d'incompressibilité dans la perturbation de Cattaneo. Nous démontrons que les résultats d'existence globale et de convergence du précédent modèle sont encore vérifiés pour celui-ci. / In this work, we are interested in two hyperbolic approximations of the 2D and 3D Navier-Stokes equations. The first model we consider comes from Cattaneo's hyperbolic perturbation of the heat equation to obtain a finite speed of propagation equation. Brenier, Natalini and Puel studied the same perturbation as a relaxed version of the 2D Euler equations and proved that the solution to this relaxation converges towards the solution to (NS) with smooth data, provided some smallness assumptions. Later, Paicu and Raugel improved their results, extending the theory to the 3D setting and requiring significantly less regular data. Following [BNP] and [PR], we prove global existence and convergence results with quasi-critical regularity assumptions on the initial data. In the second part, we introduce a new hyperbolic model with finite speed of propagation, obtained by penalizing the incompressibility constraint in Cattaneo's perturbation. We prove that the same global existence and convergence results hold for this model as well as for the first one.