Polymer nanocomposites refer to a broad range of composite materials with polymer acting as the matrix and any material which has at least one dimension in the order of 1 ~ 100 nanometer acting as the filler. Due to unprecedented improvement observed in properties of the nanocomposites, research interest in this area has grown exponentially in recent years. In designing better nano-composites for advanced technological applications some of the major challenges are: understanding the structure-property relationships, interaction and integrity of the two components at the interface, the role of nanofillers in enhancing the properties of the resulting material. In our work, we have utilized first principle calculations, atomistic simulations, coarse-grained modeling and constitutive equations to develop structureproperty relationships for an amorphous aromatic piezoelectric polyimide substituted with nitrile dipole, carbon nanotubes and resulting nanocomposites. We have studied in detail structure-property relationships for carbon nanotubes and (? ?CN)APB/ODPA polyimide. We have developed chemically sound coarse-grained model based on atomic level simulations of the piezoelectric polyimide to address the larger length and time scale phenomena. The challenge of coarse grain model for these polymers is to reproduce electrical properties in addition to the structure and energetics; our model is the first to successfully achieve this goal. We have compared and analyzed atomistic scale simulation results on the nanocomposite with those predicted from micromechanics analysis. Notably, we have investigated the time dependent response of these highly complex polymers, to our best knowledge this is the first of its kind. In particular we have studied the thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of the polyimide, nanotube and their nanocomposites through multi-scale modeling technique. We expect the results obtained and understanding gained through modeling and simulations may be used in guiding development of new nanocomposites for various advanced future applications. In conclusion we have developed a computational paradigm to rationally develop next generation nano-materials.

The current state of the art in structural health monitoring is primarily reliant on sensing deformation of structures at discrete locations using sensors and detecting damage using techniques such as X-ray, microCT, acoustic emission, impedance methods etc., primarily employed at specified intervals of service life. There is a need to develop materials and structures with self-sensing capabilities such that deformation and damage state can be identified in-situ real time. In the current work, the inherent deformation and damage sensing capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanocomposites are explored starting from the nanoscale electron hopping mechanism to effective macroscale piezoresistive response through finite elements based computational micromechanics techniques. The evolution of nanoscale conductive electron hopping pathways which leads to nanocomposite piezoresistivity is studied in detail along with its evolution under applied deformations. The nanoscale piezoresistive response is used to evaluate macroscale nanocomposite response by using analytical micromechanics methods. The effective piezoresistive response, obtained in terms of macroscale effective gauge factors, is shown to predict the experimentally obtained gauge factors published in the literature within reasonable tolerance. In addition, the effect of imperfect interface between the CNTs and the polymer matrix on the mechanical and piezoresistive properties is studied using coupled electromechanical cohesive zone modeling. It is observed that the interfacial separation and damage at the nanoscale leads to a larger nanocomposite irreversible piezoresistive response under monotonic and cyclic loading because of interfacial damage accumulation. As a sample application, the CNT-polymer nanocomposites are used as a binding medium for polycrystalline energetic materials where the nanocomposite binder piezoresistivity is exploited to provide inherent deformation and damage sensing. The nanocomposite binder medium is modeled using electromechanical cohesive zones with properties obtained through the Mori-Tanaka method allowing for different local CNT volume fractions and orientations. Finally, the traditional implementation of Material Point Method (MPM) is extended for composite problems with large deformation (e.g. large strain nanocomposite sensors with elastomer matrix) allowing for interfacial discontinuities appropriately. Overall, the current work evaluates nanocomposite piezoresistivity using a multiscale modeling framework and emphasizes through a sample application that nanocomposite piezoresistivity can be exploited for inherent sensing in materials. / Ph. D.

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a class of materials that maintain their structural integrity at high temperatures, e.g. 2000 °C. They have been limited in their aerospace applications because of their relatively high density and the difficulty involved in forming them into complex shapes, like leading edges and inlets. Recent advanced processing techniques have made significant headway in addressing these challenges, where the introduction of multiscale porosity has resulted in lightweight UHTCs dubbed multiscale porous UHTCs. The effect of multiscale porosity on material properties must be characterized to enable design, but doing so experimentally can be costly, especially when attempting to replicate hypersonic flight conditions for relevant testing of selected candidate samples. As such, this dissertation seeks to computationally characterize the thermomechanical properties of multiscale porous UHTCs, specifically titanium diboride, and validate those results against experimental results so as to build confidence in the model. An implicit quasi-static variant of the Material Point Method (MPM) is developed, whose capabilities include intrinsic treatment of large deformations and contact which are needed to capture the complex material behavior of the as-simulated porous UHTC microstructures. It is found that the MPM can successfully obtain the elastic thermomechanical properties of multiscale porous UHTCs over a wide range of temperatures. Furthermore, characterizations of post-elastic behavior are found to be qualitatively consistent with data obtained from uniaxial compression experiments and Brazilian disk experiments. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores a class of materials called ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). These materials can sustain very high temperatures without degrading, and thus have the potential to be used on hypersonic aircraft which routinely experience high temperatures during flight. In lieu of performing experiments on physical UHTC specimens, one can perform a series of computer simulations to figure out how UHTCs behave under various conditions. This is done here, with a particular focus what happens when pores are introduced into UHTCs, thus rendering them more like a sponge than a solid block of material. Doing computer simulations instead of physical experiments is attractive because of the flexibility one has in a computational environment, as well as the significantly decreased cost associated with running a simulation vs. setting up and performing an experiment. This is especially true when considering challenging operating environments like those experienced by high-speed aircraft. The ultimate goal with this research is to develop a computational tool than can be used to design the ideal distribution of pores in UHTCs so that they can best perform their intended functions.