Debido al crecimiento continuo que se tiene cada año del consumo del concreto como primer material de construcción, resulta de gran ayuda contar con distintos métodos no destructivos que nos permitan conocer, de una manera rápida y sencilla, la resistencia del concreto. Uno de los métodos no destructivos es el índice esclerométrico, que consiste en determinar nivel de compacidad de las partículas del concreto. Durante años se han hecho distintos estudios para correlacionar el índice esclerométrico y la resistencia del concreto, hallando altos niveles de relación; sin embargo, dichos estudios no toman en cuenta la edad del concreto ni el tipo de piedra que se utiliza en la mezcla, siendo parámetros que no resultan ajenos al ensayo de esclerometría. Por ello, la siguiente investigación propone el ensayo de dureza superficial (esclerometría) como un método confiable para la determinación de la resistencia del concreto analizando distintas muestras de acuerdo a su edad y tamaño máximo nominal. Estos factores serán analizados y serán almacenados en una base de datos en la que serán separados según su característica, generando distintos gráficos de regresión lineal para así aumentar el índice de confianza de correlación de Pearson. / The use of concrete as a primary construction material has seen steady increase year after year, which is why it is imperative to have at our disposal different non-destructive methods for quick and easy determination of its resistance. Once non-destructive method is the sclerometric index, which determines the level of compactness of the concrete particles. Various studies over years have found the sclerometric index to be highly correlated to concrete resistance. Nevertheless, these studies didn’t correct for factors such as the age and composition of the concrete mixture, both of which greatly influence sclerometry. They aim of this study was to determine whether superficial hardness testing (sclerometry) is an appropriate method for measuring concrete resistance, by analyzing samples of distinct age and maximum nominal size. These factors were analyzed and stored in a database which generated linear regression graphs, thereby improving the confidence interval for the Pearson correlation coefficient. / Tesis

Slender structures are elegant aesthetically. The insufficiency in knowledge of the real resistance to buckling of very slender reinforced concrete columns leads to an exaggeration of the sizes of the columns. _The examples of concrete compression members cited and constructed in Industry on a global basis suggest that very slender columns have inherent safety both from the point of view of the ultimate strength and stability. The strengths of columns given. by the British codes would seem to be exceeded by many of the long slender reinforced concrete columns and struts which have been used Internationally. Both the theoretical and the experimental short term investigations have been carried out to establish the behaviour of hinged, very slender reinforced concrete columns at various stages'of axial loading. Forty three very slender reinforced concrete columns of two different square cross sections with two sizes of longitudinal reinforcements with lateral ties were cast. Slenderness rates, L A, were varied from 30 to 79. Special factors were obtained to relate the actual modulus of elasticity of concrete in columns at buckling failure to a knowledge of the initial modulus of elasticity of concrete in control cylinder specimens. Both theoretical and experimental graphs of load against moment, made dimensionless for critical sections of columns have been obtained. Dimensionless load-moment interaction diagrams using material failure as the criterion have been superimposed on these graphs to show considerable inherent material strength of the tested columns near buckling collapse failures. A theory using the fundamental approach has, been developed to predict the deflected shape and moments along the, heights of the columns at various stages of loading. The proposed theory predicts with good correlations the experimental deflections and moments of any loading stages of the columns. The theory has been used to obtain the required variables, to arrive at the initial predicted design loads of the investigated columns. Good correlations of the moments derived from observed strains have also been obtained. The developed theory predicts satisfactorily the buckling collapse loads of the columns. Although the theory has been derived for axially I loaded very slender reinforced concrete-columns, it seems to accept satisfactorily eccentricities of up to about 10 mm. This was confirmed after extensive comparisons of the theoretical buckling collapse loads with the applicable tests of other authors. Creep In the columns investigated was discovered to be one of the major factors for serious consideration. This was conclusively revealed from the observations on the last two very long term creep tests on columns. The actual safe sustained loads for these very slender columns of slenderness ratios, L/H, between 40 and 79 seem to be between 33% and 19% of the short term buckling collapse loads. The reduced modulus approach to predict the safe long term sustained loads seems to give reasonable values for L/H ratios of 40 and 50. The recommendations given for the proposed design of very slender reinforced concrete columns seem to be adequate and simple to use in practice. They are further simplified by the derivation of two equations for the reduction factors, R, for the slenderness ratios between 36 and 40 and between 40 and 79 respectively. The investigation has proved that very slender reinforced concrete columns are very dangerous structural members, as they tend to have violent buckling failures. Nevertheless, It must be prudent not to design against disaster at any cost. This Investigation seemed to have enhanced considerably knowledge of the design of very slender reinforced concrete columns.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2108286 bytes, checksum: 84a346aa02f4e58f2945137e315afa20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important features for design and to assure good quality of structures. Compression tests allow a direct evaluation of the compressive strength of concrete, either in precast test specimens or in samples extracted from an existing structure. Non- destructive tests (NDT) allow the prompt evaluation of the homogeneity of the concrete in the structure and the indirect assessment of the compressive strength in a larger number of points, at a reduced cost. The aim of this study is to evaluate the concrete homogeneity and estimate the compressive strength of normal concrete, mixed in concrete batching plant, through pin penetration tests and rebound hammer, aided by correlation equations obtained by regression analysis and Neural Networks. An experimental program was developed, which included the tests in laboratory and in field using concrete mixed in batch plant, with materials from the region of Vicosa-MG. Destructive compression tests and nondestructive penetration pin, rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse tests were performed. Based on test results, regression models were developed to estimate the concrete compressive strength. Moreover, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were prepared and trained in order to improve the model for estimating the compressive strength. NDT were also performed in construction sites, to estimate the compressive strength of concrete using the regression models obtained previously and to assess the concrete homogeneity in some structural elements. The results show that the regression models obtained enable to estimate the concrete strength in the structure using the data originated from NDT with acceptable accuracy. The studies on homogeneity allow to identify regions in the concrete with potential lower resistance, guiding an eventual extraction of samples to perform destructive testing. In summary, the results confirm the feasibility and the importance of assessing the concrete homogeneity and estimating the compressive strength from NDT results. The widespread use of these tests contributes to increased productivity and improved quality of concrete constructions. / A resistência à compressão do concreto é uma das características mais importantes para o projeto e para a garantia da qualidade das estruturas. Os ensaios de compressão permitem realizar uma avaliação direta da resistência à compressão do concreto, quer seja em corpos de prova moldados ou extraídos de uma estrutura. Os ensaios não destrutivos possibilitam avaliar a homogeneidade do concreto na estrutura e fazer uma avaliação indireta da resistência à compressão em um maior número de pontos, com rapidez e significativa redução de custos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é avaliar a homogeneidade e estimar a resistência à compressão de concretos de resistência normaL dosados em centraL por meio de ensaios de penetração de pino e de esclerometria, com auxilio de expressões de correlação obtidas por meio de análise de regressão e Redes Neurais Artificiais. Foi desenvolvido um programa experimental que abrangeu a realização de ensaios em condições de Iaboratório e de campo, para o qual foram considerados concretos dosados em centraL compostos por materiais utiIizados na cidade de Viçosa-MG e região. Foram realizados ensaios destrutivos de compressão e não destrutivos de penetração de pino, de esclerometria e de pulso uItra-sônico. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos ensaios foram desenvolvidos modelos de regressão para estimar a resistência à compressão do concreto. Além disso, foram elaboradas e treinadas Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) com o propósito de melhorar o modelo para estimativa da resistência à compressão. Também foram realizados ensaios não destrutivos em obras, com o propósito de estimar a resistência à compressão dos concretos usando os modelos de regressão obtidos anteriormente e de avaliar a homogeneidade do concreto em alguns elementos estruturais. Em função dos resultados, pode-se afirmar que os modelos de regressão obtidos neste trabalho tornam possível estimar a resistência do concreto na estrutura com uma precisão aceitáveL a partir de resultados de ensaios não destrutivos. Os estudos de homogeneidade permitem identificar as zonas que potencialmente indicam uma menor resistência, orientando uma eventual extração de testemunhos para realização de ensaios destrutivos. Em resumo, o trabalho confirma a viabilidade e a importância de se avaliar a homogeneidade do concreto e estimar a resistência à compressão a partir de resultados de ensaios não destrutivos. A difusão do uso desses ensaios contribui com o ganho de produtividade e a melhoria da qualidade das obras em concreto.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2009. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-20T22:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo probabilístico da resistência à compressão e da resistência à tração na flexão dos concretos utilizados na construção do dique seco do estaleiro Rio Grande, No Superporto, Em.pdf: 10848965 bytes, checksum: 809b5f8cbee32e8c634ff304349206bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-04T16:19:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo probabilístico da resistência à compressão e da resistência à tração na flexão dos concretos utilizados na construção do dique seco do estaleiro Rio Grande, No Superporto, Em.pdf: 10848965 bytes, checksum: 809b5f8cbee32e8c634ff304349206bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T16:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo probabilístico da resistência à compressão e da resistência à tração na flexão dos concretos utilizados na construção do dique seco do estaleiro Rio Grande, No Superporto, Em.pdf: 10848965 bytes, checksum: 809b5f8cbee32e8c634ff304349206bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A variação presente nos ensaios de aceitação do concreto, sobretudo a resistência, torna fundamental a utilização de uma grande quantidade de dados amostrais para estabelecer parâmetros de avaliação e calibração das normas técnicas. Distintos controles tecnológicos, metodologias de dosagem e características dos materiais, são alguns dos fatores que fazem com que o concreto tenha peculiaridades relacionadas à região do planeta onde o mesmo é produzido.O presente trabalho aplicou diversos métodos de controle e aceitação de estruturas de concreto aos resultados práticos oriundos do concreto lançado na execução do dique seco do Estaleiro Rio Grande em construção na cidade de Rio Grande - RS. Esta obra é uma importante fonte de informações sobre a resistência e o comportamento do concreto visto que, na mesma, foi empregado desde o início um rigoroso controle de qualidade; gerando dados raramente disponíveis em obras portuárias brasileiras. Foram utilizados como base para este trabalho dois traços de concreto; um com adição de fibras e fck= 35 MPa e outro com adição de sílica ativa e fck= 40 MPa. Foram realizadas comparações entre as estimativas de resistência das normas brasileira, européia e norte-americana de concreto. Realizadas análises estatísticas de modelos teóricos de distribuição de probabilidade destas resistências. Além disso, foram estabelecidas correlações entre as resistências à tração e à compressão do concreto. O incremento de resistência do concreto ao longo do tempo também foi estudado, tanto para compressão como para a tração. As análises apresentadas permitem atestar o atendimento dos concretos utilizados na execução do dique seco quanto aos requisitos estabelecidos pelas normas brasileiras de concreto. / Due to the variability in the results of the concrete acceptance tests, especially in the resistance tests, it is fundamental to use a large number of sample data to establish the assessment parameters and to calibrate the standard codes. Different technological controls, mixing methodologies and material characteristics are some of the factors that cause the concrete having peculiarities proper of the region where it is produced. The present work has applied different methodsof control and acceptance of concrete structures to the test results of the concreteused in the construction of the Estaleiro Rio Grande dry-dock, in the city of Rio Grande – RS. This construction site is an important source of information about the concrete resistance and behavior, because it was adopted, since the beginning of the construction, a rigorous quality control. This quality control produced a number oftest results that is seldom available in the Brazilian harbors construction sites. In this work two different concrete mixes were studied: first a fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) with fck = 35 MPa, and a second one with silica fume addition with fck = 40 MPa. The resistance assessment formulations of the Brazilian, European and North American standard codes were compared. A statistical analysis of best the probability distribution models for the resistance test results was made. Besides, it was determined a correlation between the concrete tensile and compressive resistances. The increasing of the concreteresistance with time was also studied to compression as well as to tension. The analyses performed have showed that both concrete mixes used in the construction of this dry-dock have attained the quality standards required by the Brazilian standard codes for concrete.

This doctoral thesis deals with the volume changes of structural concrete caused by its shrinkage. Great importance is given to the evaluation of concrete resistance against shrinkage cracking, too. A lot of physical and numerical experiments were carried out before results and conclusion of observed phenomena was publicized. The amount of physical tests and utilization rate of the experiments can be enlarged and intensified due to the usage of materials made of micro-concrete. Consequently, the design of concrete mixtures with the ordinary size of aggregate particle reflected the large knowledge obtained by micro-concrete. In this work, the effect of different fibres and its different amount was also researched. Finally, the optimized fibre concrete mixture was designed. During the testing, the unique method referred to as “Complex experiment” was developed. Obtained data from the Complex experiment allows predicting when the shrinkage cracks may occur. The final comparison between all tested materials made of concrete was performed by means of unique parameter referred to as “Critical degree of restraint”. It was proofed that the resistance of optimized fibre concrete against to shrinkage cracking is twice of ordinary concrete. Moreover, the shrinkage cracks did not occur in the developed fibre concrete during the observed period. Based on the obtained results the new scaling factors for the rheological model B4 were derived. Due to the new scaling factors, the model B4 describes the real behavior of special composite materials very well.