The Saline Valley Conservancy District (SVCD) formed in 1980 to provide groundwater to communities in Saline and Gallatin, Counties, Illinois. Sulfate contamination from a nearby coal mine threatens the SVCD’s current well field. Three of the wells are reaching the end of their service and have elevated levels of sulfate. This study investigated multiple well configurations on three different parcels of land to find possible new well locations that do not recharge water directly from the mine site over a 50-year period. A steady-state finite difference groundwater flow model was created using Graphic Groundwater GIS (Krienert and Esling, 2016), a pre and post-processor for MODFLOW (Harbaugh, 2005) and MODPATH (Pollock, 2012). The calibration and sensitivity analysis followed methods from Esling et al. (2008). Hydraulic heads were calibrated to the land surface and a systematic sensitivity analysis varied recharge, hydraulic conductivity, and drain and river conductance to produce composite capture zones. Well locations must also meet SVCD requirements that would minimize distance from current water lines and consider properties they already owned. New wells also needed to be located in areas where the aquifer exceeds 25 m thick and be separated by 305 meters to minimize drawdown. This study also considered the effects of irrigation on the aquifer. Varying recharge, hydraulic conductivity and conductance within reasonable ranges created six capture zones for the proposed wells, each with different geometries. The capture zones were superimposed onto a map to make a composite capture zone which should contain the actual capture zone for the wells. Varying conductance caused subtle changes in capture zone geometry. Low values of conductance caused particle tracks to elongate. Irrigation wells and some proposed well locations caused substantial dewatering in one area of the aquifer. The study discovered several well configurations on each of the parcels that do not source water from the mine site over 50 years.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 braunger_ml_me_rcla.pdf: 1994940 bytes, checksum: 93302556a6228fb6bcbdf01e53c83e00 (MD5) / Neste trabalho foi avaliada a condutividade elétrica de vidros com composição (mol%) 22Na2O·8CaO·65SiO2·5MO2, com M = Si, Ti, Ge, Zr, Sn e Ce, sem e com troca iônica Ag+↔Na+ em 350 ºC por 1 hora. Após a troca iônica, amostras também foram submetidas a tratamento térmico em 500 ºC durante 24 horas. As medidas elétricas foram realizadas com um analisador de impedâncias Solartron. Foram analisados gráficos de Z” vs. Z’ e de σ’ vs. f em função da temperatura com o objetivo de se determinar, de duas maneiras diferentes, as energias de ativação para a condutividade elétrica, Eσ. Os valores das resistências elétricas das amostras são obtidos a partir de gráficos Z” vs. Z’ quando Z” se anula para baixas frequências. Conhecendo-se o parâmetro geométrico da amostra, calcula-se a condutividade para corrente contínua, σdc. Através das curvas σ’ vs. f determina-se σdc quando f → 0. Gráficos de Ln σdc vs. T-1 possibilitaram determinar 0,724 < Eσ < 0,826 eV, valores que concordam com os encontrados na literatura. Após submetidas à troca iônica, as amostras apresentaram aumento da condutividade. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico posterior diminui a condutividade da maioria das amostras, provavelmente, devido à formação de nanopartículas de prata metálica na matriz vítrea. Para verificar alterações da composição devido à troca iônica e ao tratamento térmico utilizamos a técnica de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X, EDS, no volume e na superfície das amostras. Verificou-se que a Ag migra para o volume durante o tratamento térmico, tendendo a tornar constante a sua distribuição, dependendo do cátion tetravalente, M4+, presente na matriz vítrea. A espectroscopia de reflexão difusa no infravermelho, DRIFT, indicou alterações na estrutura da superfície das... / In this work, it has been evaluated the electrical conductivity of glasses with composition (mol%) 22Na2O·8CaO·65SiO2·5MO2, with M = Si, Ti, Ge, Zr, Sn and Ce, without and with ion exchange Ag+↔Na+ at 350 ºC for 1 hour. After the ion exchange, samples were also submitted to thermal treatment at 500 ºC for about 24 hours. Electrical measurements were carried out with a Solartron impedance analyzer. Z” vs. Z’ and σ’ vs. f plots were analyzed as a function of temperature in order to determine, by two distinct approaches, the activation energies for the electrical conductivity, Eσ. The values of the electrical resistances of the samples are obtained from Z” vs. Z’ plots when Z” nulls itself at low frequencies, and knowing the geometric parameter of the sample, the continuous current conductivity, σdc, can then be calculated. Through σ’ vs. f plots, one can determine σdc when f → 0. We were able to determine 0,724 < Eσ < 0,826 eV by Ln σdc vs. T-1 plots, and those values agree with the ones found in the literature. When submitted to ion exchange, the samples showed an increased conductivity. On the other hand, a subsequent thermal treatment diminishes the conductivity for most of the samples, probably due to the formation of metallic silver nanoparticles in the vitreous matrix. In order to check for compositional modifications due to the ion exchange and thermal treatment, we have employed the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy technique, EDS, in the bulk and surface of the samples. It has been observed that Ag migrates towards the bulk during the thermal treatment, tending to reach a constant distribution, depending on the tetravalent cation, M4+, in the vitreous matrix. The diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform, DRIFT, have pointed changes in the surface structure of the samples... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_ls_me_ilha.pdf: 1695440 bytes, checksum: a405a9de67a38bab365400a8a0d01ec9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho, estudamos os processos de condução envolvidos na condutividade elétrica de nanocompósitos de polianilina com óxido de índio e estanho (PANI/ITO) e de poliuretano com negro de fumo (PU/NF), a partir da aplicação de um modelo estatístico de rede de resistores e da análise da condutividade dc próximo ao limiar de percolação. O modelo estatístico foi desenvolvido em linguagem Fortran 90 para gerar a estrutura morfológica desses nanocompósitos e calcular a condutividade elétrica alternada pela aplicação de uma técnica de matriz de transferência. O modelo levou em consideração a estrutura desordenada da PANI não dopada, a formação de segmentos moles e duros no PU e a distribuição aleatória de nanopartículas e agregados de ITO e NF em suas respectivas matrizes. A impedância entre dois sítios vizinhos da matriz polimérica, tanto para PANI quanto para PU, foi calculada pelo modelo de Dyre, enquanto que a impedância entre dois sítios vizinhos que compõem a fase condutora de ambos nanocompósitos foi calculada pelo modelo de Drude. Foram realizadas medidas de espectroscopia de impedância e de condutividade dc para ambos os compósitos, com diferentes concentrações da fase condutora. Os objetivos foram analisar os processos de condução, determinar o limiar de percolação e os expoentes críticos da condutividade. De acordo com os resultados das simulações e dos resultados experimentais, o processo de condução entre dois sítios da matriz polimérica obedece ao modelo de distribuição aleatória de barreiras de energia livre de Dyre (RFEB), ao passo que a condução nos domínios condutores é descrita pelo modelo de Drude. A análise das medidas de condutividade dc realizadas abaixo do limiar de percolação de ambos os compósitos indica que o processo de condução... / In this paper, we study the conducting processes involved in electrical conductivity of polyaniline/indium tin oxide nanocomposites (PANI/ITO) and polyurethane/carbon black nanocomposites (PU/CB), from the application of a statistical model of network resistors and the analysis of the dc conductivity near the percolation threshold. The statistical model was developed in Fortran 90 to generate the morphological structure of these nanocomposites and calculate the alternating electrical conductivity by applying a transfer matrix technique. The model took into account the disordered structure of undoped PANI, the formation of soft and hard segments in PU and random distribution of nanoparticles and aggregates of ITO and NF in their respective matrix. The impedance between two neighboring sites of the polymeric matrix, for both PANI and PU, was calculated by the model of Dyre, while the impedance between two neighboring sites from conductive phase was calculated by the Drude model. Were measured impedance spectroscopy and dc conductivity for both composites, with different concentrations of the phase conductor. The objectives were to analyze the processes of conduction, determine the percolation threshold and critical exponents of conductivity. According to the simulations and experimental results, the conduction process, between two sites of the polymeric matrix, is in agreement with random free energy barriers model proposed by Dyre (RFEB), while the conduction in the conductive phase is described by the Drude model. The analysis of the dc conductivity measurements obtained below the percolation threshold on both the composites indicates that the process of conduction occurs via hopping between sites of the polymeric matrix. In the region of percolation, both the hopping and tunneling can contribute to the conduction process. However, for samples with concentrations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This thesis focuses on some mathematical aspects and a few recent applications of the polarization tensor (PT). Here, the main concern of the study is to characterize objects presented in electrical or electromagnetic fields by only using the PT. This is possible since the PT contains significant information about the object such as shape, orientation and material properties. Two main applications are considered in the study and they are electrosensing fish and metal detection. In each application, we present a mathematical formulation of the PT and briefly discuss its properties. The PT in the electrosensing fish is actually based on the first order generalized polarization tensor (GPT) while the GPT itself generalizes the classical PT called as the P\'lya-Szeg\H PT. In order to investigate the role of the PT in electrosensing fish, we propose two numerical methods to compute the first order PT. The first method is directly based on the quadrature method of numerical integration while the second method is an adaptation of some terminologies of the boundary element method (BEM). A code to use the first method is developed in \textit while a script in \textit is written as an interface for using the new developed code for BEM called as \textit. When comparing the two methods, our numerical results show that the first order PT is more accurate with faster convergence when computed by \textit. During this study, we also give a strategy to determine an ellipsoid from a given first order PT. This is because we would like to propose an experiment to test whether electrosensing fish can discriminate a pair of different objects but with the same first order PT such that the pair could be an ellipsoid and some other object. In addition, the first order PT (or the P\'{o}lya-Szeg\H{o} PT) with complex conductivity (or complex permittivity) which is similar to the PT for Maxwell's equations is also investigated. On the other hand, following recent mathematical foundation of the PT from the eddy current model, we use the new proposed explicit formula to compute the rank 2 PT for a few metallic targets relevance in metal detection. We show that the PT for the targets computed from the explicit formula agree to some degree of accuracy with the PT obtained from metal detectors during experimental works and simulations conducted by the engineers. This suggests to alternatively use the explicit formula which depends only on the geometry and material properties of the target as well as offering lower computational efforts than performing measurements with metal detectors to obtain the PT. By using the explicit formula of the rank 2 PT, we also numerically investigate some properties of the rank 2 PT where, the information obtained could be useful to improve metal detection and also in other potential applications of the eddy current. In this case, if the target is magnetic but non-conducting, the rank 2 PT of the target can also be computed by using the explicit formula of the first order PT.

abstract: Thermal effects in nano-scaled devices were reviewed and modeling methodologies to deal with this issue were discussed. The phonon energy balance equations model, being one of the important previous works regarding the modeling of heating effects in nano-scale devices, was derived. Then, detailed description was given on the Monte Carlo (MC) solution of the phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation. The phonon MC solver was developed next as part of this thesis. Simulation results of the thermal conductivity in bulk Si show good agreement with theoretical/experimental values from literature. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09984.pdf: 10774307 bytes, checksum: a193fefe92c978f1963dcaad657ea1e2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/08908-1