Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1969. / "April 1969." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-74). Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1971. / "March 1971." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-74). Also issued in microfiche.

[Preface] " ... the focus of this inquiry is limited to some of the connections between conscientious objection in South Africa and the worship and imitation of Christ. More specifically, at the most general level this essay is an attempt to explore six questions: What kind of conscientious objection does South African law allow? Why are some conscientious objectors only conscientious noncombatants? Why are some Christians conscientious noncombatants? Is it appropriate to worship Christ? Does Romans 13 undermine conscientious noncompliance? And is there a prescription for servile compliance? These are, however, not the only questions which are raised in this essay. Nor are they the only questions which can and need to be asked. But they are the questions which interest me. In addition, they have not received as much attention as they deserve".

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1975. / Bibliography: leaves 340-353. / xii, 353 leaves

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Šiandien diskusijos, susijusios su teisės atsisakyti atlikti karinę tarnybą dėl įsitikinimų statusu, atskleidžia karo prievolės valstybei ir individo sąžinės laisvės konfliktiškumą, kvestionuoja fundamentalių žmogaus teisių ribas bei kelia jų išplėtimo klausimą. Dauguma JT ir ET valstybių narių oficialiai pripažįsta nagrinėjamą teisę, bet individualių peticijų srautai valstybių tarptautinių įsipareigojimų žmogaus teisių apsaugos srityje priežiūrą atliekančioms institucijoms rodo, jog visuotinio sutarimo dėl šios teisės sampratos, kilmės bei teisinio statuso dar nepasiekta. Šiuo darbu siekta ištirti, ar ir kaip teisė atsisakyti atlikti karinę tarnybą dėl įsitikinimų tarptautiniuose žmogaus teisių apsaugos dokumentuose siejama su fundamentaliomis žmogaus teisėmis. Tyrimui pasirinkti dviejų svarbiausią reikšmę žmogaus teisių apsaugos standartų vystymui turinčių tarptautinių organizacijų – JT ir ET – žmogaus teisių apsaugos mechanizmai. Darbe nagrinėjami tik JT ŽTKa, ET PA ir ET MK rekomendaciniai dokumentai bei EŽTT (EŽTKa) praktika pagal Konvenciją ir JT ŽTK praktika pagal Paktą. Atliktas tyrimas rodo, jog rekomendaciniuose JT ir ET institucijų dokumentuose teisė atsisakyti atlikti karinę tarnybą dėl įsitikinimų aiškiai kildinama iš teisės į minties, sąžinės ir religijos laisvę, įtvirtintos atitinkamai Pakto 18 ir Konvencijos 9 straipsniuose. Tuo tarpu praktika nėra tokia aiški ir nuosekli. JT ŽTK, ilgą laiką neigęs nagrinėjamą teisę pagal Paktą, 1993 m. Bendrojo Pakto 18... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Current debates on conscientious objection to military service reveal a conflict between conscription and individual freedom of conscience; they question the scope of human rights and liberties as well as raise an issue of their extension. The majority of member states of UN and CoE officially recognize a right to conscientious objection. However, the flow of complaints to international human rights monitoring bodies demonstrates absence of a general consensus on the concept, origin and legal status of this human right. The paper aims to examine, whether and how the right to conscientious objection to military service has a link with fundamental human rights in the main international human rights instruments. Human rights documents of UN and CoE – two international organizations, most relevant for the development of human rights standards – were chosen as the object of research. The scope of analysis is limited to recommendatory documents of UN CHR, PACE and Committee of Ministers of the CoE, the case-law of ECtHR under ECHR as well as the case-law of UN HRC under ICCPR. Results of research show that in the recommendatory documents of UN and CoE institutions the right to conscientious objection to military service is derived from the fundamental right – the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, embedded in Article 18 of ICCPR and Article 9 of ECHR respectively. However, the case-law of UN and CoE institutions is ambivalent in these terms. After a long-term... [to full text]

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Refusing to participate in war does not only mean refusing to serve in the military. For many conscientious objectors, it means refusing to pay taxes that directly support the military industrial complex. Conscientious tax objectors risk many punishments by withholding tax money that supports war. Politico-social conflicts exist between a citizen's legal obligation to pay taxes and the personal obligation to her/his moral beliefs. My research suggests that the Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act (RFPTFA) may be one transformative agent for this conflict. Through examination of relevant case law, statutes, conflict transformation literature, and interviews with conscientious tax objectors, my investigation concludes that members of the conscientious tax objector movement disagree on the merits of RFPTFA. My research suggests that until these various intermovement factions enter into consensus-building dialogue, conscientious tax objection will remain a mere symbolic method of pacifism rather than a powerful tool in the art of peacebuilding.

Student Number : 0353470 - MA research report - School of Philosophy - Faculty of Humanities / The South African Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 is regarded as one of the most liberal abortion laws in the world. It aims to uphold the rights of women as equal citizens, give effect to their rights to reproductive healthcare and redress past discriminatory legislation. Conscientious objection by healthcare providers to terminating pregnancies is also allowed in terms of the act. This research report considers the justification for the right of conscientious objection by the healthcare provider in the face of the conflicting claims of a pregnant woman seeking abortion. There are good reasons for a pregnant woman’s right to terminate pregnancy, just as they exist for the healthcare provider who objects, on grounds of conscience, to involvement in the process. I will attempt to balance these sets of rights, weigh priorities, and offer possible solutions. A focus on the unique value of each individual demands that each one be accorded dignity and respect. Thus ways of minimizing conflict are explored. Though compromise may be required, it is important that healthcare workers have the freedom to live their lives with integrity.

Conscientious Discourse is an engagement where participants express their ideas truthfully, but also simultaneously focus on listening and responding to others. Facilitating and participating in conscientious classroom discourse is challenging. We present an approach — reinfrastructuring classroom discourse — by offering students and instructors more information in the initial moments of discourse through a system we developed, ThoughtSwap. This approach emphasizes focused, punctuated moments of attention to one's own and other people's ideas. 49%-100% of students participated in the initial entry of ideas over the course of the semester in 25 classes with nine instructors. The study showed that ThoughtSwap had operational success in that, on the average, instructors used ThoughtSwap once every other week during the semester. Furthermore, student participation rate ranged from 49% to 100%. This work further presents 1) the ways instructors adapted and adopted ThoughtSwap, and 2) the pedagogical goals and challenges they report using the tool. / Doctor of Philosophy / Facilitating and participating in classroom discourse is difficult. The process becomes even more challenging with the goal of inviting what we call Conscientious Discourse, where the participants not only share their ideas but also engage in both self-examination and reflection of other people's ideas. We present an approach — reinfrastructuring classroom discourse — by offering students and instructors more information in the initial moments of discourse through using a system we developed, ThoughtSwap. ThoughtSwap is not the mechanism by which discussion takes place, but instead changes the informational conditions under which synchronous discussions are held. In response to an instructor prompt, students contribute initial written thoughts under conditions of ``contained anonymity". Additionally, instructors may ask students to represent and respond to ``swapped" thoughts, contributed by other people present in the class. These actions created moments of focused encounter in which class members can contemplate their own ideas in relationship to other peoples' ideas as they begin actual discussion. ThoughtSwap use was studied in the context of university instruction by 9 instructors in 25 classes over the course of 6 semesters, to further their teaching goals. The study showed that ThoughtSwap seemed to have operational success in that, on the average, instructors used ThoughtSwap once every other week during the semester that did not contain guest speakers, tests, or holidays. Furthermore, student participation rate ranged from 49% to 100%. Instructors participated in focus groups and articulated their plans, goals, concerns and experiences. In this work I further present and discuss 1) the ways instructors adapted and adopted ThoughtSwap, and 2) the pedagogical goals and challenges they report using the tool. Secondary kinds of results that may also inform future work relate to student-level demographic and attitudinal data, and the design and creation of a system variant that attempted to respond to Covid. Most importantly, ThoughtSwap offers instructors and students an opportunity to deepen the chances for learning in the instructional environment.