abstract: Background: Children’s fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States is lower than recommended. School lunch is an opportunity for students to be exposed to fruits and vegetables and potentially increase their daily intake. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between tray color and fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste at lunch. Methods: Study participants (n=1469) were elementary and middle school students who ate school lunch on the day of data collection. Photographs and weights (to nearest 2 g) were taken of fruits and vegetables on students’ trays before and after lunch. Trained research assistants viewed photographs and sorted trays into variable categories: color of main tray, presence/absence of secondary fruit/vegetable container, and color of secondary fruit/vegetable container. Fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste were calculated using tray weights. Negative binomial regression models adjusted for gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, free/reduced price lunch status, and within-school similarities were used to examine relationships between tray color and fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste. Results: Findings indicated that students with a light tray selected (IRR= 0.44), consumed (IRR=0.73) and wasted (IRR=0.81) less fruit and vegetables. Students without a secondary fruit/vegetable container selected (IRR=0.66) and consumed (IRR=0.49) less fruit and vegetables compared to those with a secondary container. Light or clear secondary fruit and vegetable containers were related to increased selection (IRR=2.06 light, 2.30 clear) and consumption (IRR=1.95 light, 2.78 clear) compared to dark secondary containers, while light secondary containers were related to decreased waste (IRR= 0.57). Conclusion: Tray color may influence fruit and vegetable selection, consumption, and waste among students eating school lunch. Further research is needed to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship. If so, adjusting container colors may be a practical intervention for schools hoping to increase fruit and vegetable intake among students. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2020

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Dale J. Bremer / Heat stress is an important problem in potted nursery plants, but container color may moderate effects of solar radiation on container soil temperatures. Field studies were conducted near Manhattan, Kansas, USA during summer to evaluate effects of container color on growth of roots and aboveground biomass in: bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris); red maple (Acer rubrum); and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis). In the tree studies, effects of shaded soil-surfaces on plant growth were also evaluated. Four treatments among studies included containers colored black (control), flat white, gloss white, and silver, with two additional treatments in the tree studies of green and black containers with shaded soil surfaces (black shaded); treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Plants were grown in a bark-based soil-less media, and temperatures were measured at 5 cm depths in the sun-facing sides and centers in five containers per treatment. After four months (June-October), plant variables were measured. Roots were separated into three sections: core (10.2 cm diam.), north, and south, rinsed of all media, dried and weighed. In the bean study, media temperatures at the sun-facing side averaged lowest in gloss and flat white (~36 oC) and greatest in the black control (50.3 oC). Accordingly, total root biomass at the sun-facing side was reduced by 63 to 71% in black compared to flat and gloss white containers. In heat-sensitive maples, media temperatures at the sun-facing side averaged up to 7.7 oC greater in black, black shade and green than in other treatments; temperatures in black shade may have been lower if shade cloth had covered the sun-facing sides of containers in addition to only the media surface. Media temperatures in the core averaged 3.5 to 3.8 oC greater in black than in flat and gloss white, resulting in up to 2.5 times greater belowground biomass and up to 2.3 times greater aboveground biomass in flat and gloss white than in black pots. In heat-tolerant redbuds, the effects of container color on whole-plant growth were less evident. Data suggests that heat-sensitive plants benefit from using white pots or painting outer surfaces of green and black pots white.