<p> Around 98% of the crude steel produced in the United States goes through the CC process, in which a water-cooled mold is used to solidify molten steel using water sprays to create semifinished slabs or billets. The quality of both the exterior and inside of the slab is directly related to the rate at which it is cooled, making secondary cooling a difficult process. The heat must be removed efficiently without causing the slab to crack or deform in any way. Low grade steel is produced because of inadequate spray cooling and solidification, which leads to flaws like cracking and breakout. Real-time online dynamic casting control systems are becoming increasingly popular in continuous casting as a means to increase yield and energy efficiency. These systems are built to reliably produce high-quality steel products via real-time temperature measurements and dynamic adjustment of the spray cooling rate. For real-time heat transfer and solidification calculations in the field, the key challenge is determining an accurate Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) for the steel product's surface. The correlations for predicting the spray cooling rate empirically have been developed with great care. Nevertheless, these correlations are only valid under specific application circumstances. Building it takes a significant amount of time and effort, and there is no assurance that the correlation will continue to accurately predict HTC even if the development process is modified in any way. An in-depth investigation into the heat transfer mechanisms that take place during the secondary cooling step of continuous steel casting is required in order to achieve control and optimization goals for this step. The non-optimized solidification process also contributes to the formation of inhomogeneous steel properties. The project required the application of computational fluid dynamics modeling techniques so that the casting process could be regulated and improved upon. Simulation of droplet formation, droplet transport, and impingement heat transfer during secondary cooling with an air-mist nozzle in a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is going to be done in this study with the intention of generating a multivariable correlation that can accurately predict the lumped HTC under any casting condition. This will be accomplished by using the model. It modeled the solidification of the whole continuous caster by taking into consideration the impacts of roll gap, roll diameter, casting speed, and superheat in order to estimate the metallurgical length and slab temperature. This was done in order to calculate the metallurgical length </p>

<p>Kontinualno livenje se razlikuje od drugih procese očvršćavanja po svom<br />prirodnom stabilnom stanju, u odnosu na spoljnog posmatrača u<br />laboratorijskim referentnim uslovima. Rastopljeni metal očvršćuje prema<br />zidovima kalupa, dok se istovremeno povlači sa dna kalupa brzinom koja<br />održava čvrsto/tečno na konstantnom položaju tokom vremena. Proces<br />funkcioniše najbolje kada svi njegovi aspekti rade u ovakvom stabilnom<br />stanju. Vertikalne mašine se koriste za kontinuirani proces livenja. Ovaj rad<br />istražuje uticaj brzina protoka liva u kontinuiranom procesu livenja . U ovom<br />istraživanju , su prikazani rezultati kontinuiranog livenja bronze. Na osnovu<br />raspodele temperature na površini uzorka, tokom ispitivanja zatezne<br />čvrstoće, vrši se detekcija pukotina. Ova ispitivanja, koristeći metode<br />mehanike loma, su primenjena zbog sigurnosti procene metalnih konstrukcija.<br />Numerička simulacija distribucije napona, je takođe predstavljena. Rezultati<br />su pokazali, da je termografija pogodan metod za praćenje i predviđanje<br />prslina i njihovog rasta, kao i za određivanje kritičkog napona u toku<br />deformacija. Na kraju ovih istraživanja, može se zaključiti, da je ovaj rad<br />doprineo razvoju i usavršavanju tehnologije za vertikalno livenje na dole u<br />značajnoj meri, kako u naučnoj tako i u komercijalnoj sferi.</p> / <p>Continuous casting is distinguished from other solidification processes by its steady<br />state nature, relative to an outside observer in laboratory frame of reference. The<br />molten metal solidifies against the mold walls, while it is simultaneously withdrawn from<br />the bottom of the mold at rate which maintains the solid/liquid interface at a constant<br />position in time. The process works best when all of its aspects operate in this steadystate<br />manner. Vertical machines are used for continuous casting process. This work<br />investigates the effect of mold flow velocities in continuous casting process. In this<br />research, are the results of continuous casting study of bronze. Based on the<br />distribution of temperature on the surface of the sample, during the tensile test, crack<br />tip are determined. The tests, using the methods of fracture mechanics, were applied<br />due to the safety assessment of metal structures. The numerical simulation of stress<br />distributions, on the same model under the same condition, is presented, too. The<br />results have showed, that thermography is a suitable method for monitoring and<br />prediction of crack initiation and growth, as well as, critical stress in deformations. At the<br />end of these studies, we can conclude that this work has contributed to the<br />development and improvement of technologies for vertical casting to down to a<br />considerable extent, both in science and in the commercial sphere.</p>