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A report produced through an agreement between the City of Coolidge and the University of Arizona.

Prepared by Richard A. Herbert with contributions from Coolidge Regional Park Interdisciplinary Team.

Gossypium barbadense (Pima cotton) was planted in a naturally infested field containing 600 cfu/g of Thielaviopsis basicola on two planting dates in 1986 and in 1988 near Coolidge, AZ. Soil temperatures ranged from 18-20 C and 24-26 C at a depth of 15 cm on the first and second planting dates, respectively. During both seasons, disease incidence approached 100% with 75-100% cortical root decay 1 mo after the first planting. Two wk after the second planting, there was an 89% disease incidence in 1986 and 92% in 1988 with 50-75% cortical root decay in both instances. Plant stands were reduced by 28% in 1986 and 32% in 1988 in the first planting and 11% in 1986 and 8% in 1988 in the second planting. In October 1986, 32% and 5% of the plants in the first and second plantings, respectively, had darkened stelar root tissues near the crown that contained hyphae and aleuriospores of T. basicola. G. hirsutum was grown at 20 and 28 C in a growth chamber in soils containing 0, 90, and 600 cfu/g of T. basicola. Seedling stunting and cortical decay increased with inoculum density at both temperatures but were more severe at 20 C. SEM demonstrated that phialoconidia and aleuriospores germinated, produced appressoria, and penetrated within 12 and 48 hr, respectively. Five days after inoculation infected cells were filled with hyphae and aleuriospores. Populations of T. basicola in the test field, in 1986 after 4 yr of planting cotton, were 596, 481, and 142 cfu/g 1, 2, and 7 mo after planting. During 1987 the field was split into two plots. One was planted with wheat and the other was fallowed. In 1987 populations of T. basicola remained stable. In 1988 disease incidence and populations of T. basicola were monitored in the wheat and fallow plots currently planted with Pima cotton. In February 1988 soil populations of T. basicola dropped to 87 cfu/g and 13 cfu/g in the wheat and fallow treatments, respectively. However, in April 1988, 1 mo after planting, Pima cotton growing in the wheat rotation plot had a disease incidence of 71% with an average cortical decay of 47%. In contrast, cotton planted in the fallow treatment had a disease incidence of 43% with an average cortical decay of 23%. At this time populations of T. basicola were 50 and 10 cfu/g in the wheat and fallow treatments, respectively.

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What Calvin Coolidge saw in the early Progressive movement was a lack of faith. In American institutions, in the founding principles thereof, and in Man writ large, Calvin Coolidge had a faith that his contemporaries deemed antiquated. The advancement of scientific knowledge promised to discover "a new principle for a new age," as Woodrow Wilson—a founding father of Progressive America—posited.1 Since science offered men the ability to "reconstruct their conceptions of the universe and of their relation to nature, and even of their relation to God," the founders' view of human nature as unchanging and eternal only restricted progress by applying Newtonian strictures on a Darwinian society.2 For an organic society to evolve in America, political leaders needed to interpret the founding documents in the circumstance of modern times, not in their own context. A Hegelian faith in the rational, positive evolution of the human condition through history combined with a reverence for German administrative excellence compelled Wilson to employ rhetoric as a means to gain political support—often citing the beloved Abraham Lincoln as his political and philosophical antecedent. Coolidge noted the great power that Lincoln’s name held among Americans at the time: "Two generations have sought out whatever could be associated with him, have read the record of his every word with the greatest eagerness, and held his memory as a precious heritage."3 Wilson sought to deny the political philosophy of the founding—which Lincoln understood as grounded in natural rights and strict constitutionalism—severing current affairs from the influence of the past and freeing himself and future leaders to act as circumstance demanded.4 Ironically, freedom from the founding ideals made the Progressives slaves of expediency. Coolidge understood Wilson’s denial of founding principles to be dangerous and actively sought to restore faith in self-government as a principle and way of life. 1 Wilson, Selected Papers, 1:235. 2 Ibid, 222. 3 Coolidge, The Price of Freedom, 120. 4 Harry V. Jaffa of Claremont McKenna College offers a deep and comprehensive exposition of Lincoln’s words and actions surrounding the issue of slavery in “A New Birth of Freedom.” Jaffa shows that Lincoln had a pseudo-religious belief in the doctrines and theories presented in both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and saw slavery as violating not only the morality of the owner but the natural rights of the slave.

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Thesis (M.M.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 100 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100).

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 77 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).