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The Continuous Commissioning (CC) process is applied to existing buildings in order to reduce energy consumption by optimizing HVAC system operation and improving occupant comfort. The CC process consists of implementing energy saving measures for the air-side and plant-side of HVAC systems. Current development of a computer program (WinAM) by the Energy Systems Laboratory allows the expected energy savings from applying air-side CC measures to a given building to be estimated. However, there is no means for quantifying the potential energy savings from applying plant-side CC measures. The quasi-steady-state method and a regression of EnergyPlus library data were used for chiller modeling and the Merkel method was used for cooling tower modeling. Implementation of the models developed provides a means for quantifying the energy savings associated with plant cooling equipment CC measures. Chiller models have been developed for the following, with capacity range, average error, and standard deviation in parenthesis: air-cooled scroll chillers (15-168 tons, 8.07%, 9.13%), air-cooled screw chillers (69-513 tons, 7.38%, 6.13%), water-cooled scroll chillers (20-200 tons, 8.16%, 9.72%), water-cooled reciprocating chillers (20-364 tons, 10.30%, 7.81%), water-cooled screw chillers (194-498 tons, 9.87%, 3.65%), and water-cooled centrifugal chillers with inlet guide vane capacity control (233-677 tons, 12.07%, 5.96%) and with VSD capacity control (210-677 tons, 12.18%, 4.61%). From the chiller models developed, energy consumed by the chiller can be calculated as building cooling loads and fluid operating temperatures vary. Cooling tower models have been developed to predict cooling tower energy consumption as building cooling loads, added load from chillers, fluid operating temperatures, and ambient air temperatures vary. The models developed provide for predicting energy consumption when fan operation is by single-speed, two-speed, variable-speed with modulating outlet dampers, or variable-speed with VFD control. Implementation of the chiller and cooling tower models developed will allow WinAM users the ability to quantify the potential energy savings associated with changing plant cooling equipment operation.

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This thesis describes investigations into cryofixation by the plunge-cooling technique, at ambient pressure. The objective was to characterise coolants which are commonly used for cryofixation, so that the structure and chemistry of biological specimens may be preserved in a more life-like state. The work began with the design of a suitable cooling device. This was developed further into a large test-bed apparatus which was used in both biological and methodological experiments. The large cooling apparatus demonstrated for the first time that ethane was a superior coolant under forced convection, compared to propane or Freon 22, for bare thermocouples, for exposed hydrated specimens and for metal-sandwiched hydrated specimens. Ice crystal formation was monitored in sandwiched specimens and found to correspond closely to modelling predictions. A biological application was the X-ray microanalysis of body fluids in "indicator" species of Chaetognaths, where results obtained from cryoscanning electron microscopy revealed ecophysiological differences. The use of low thermal mass supports demonstrated that good freezing can occur in the centre of specimens. A new cryomounting method was developed to load well-frozen specimens into the microscope. The effect of post-freeze processing temperature was investigated by monitoring ice crystals in red blood cells. Exposure to 213 K (-60°C) over a 48 hour period did not induce crystal growth and exposure to 233 K (-40°C) for 8 days showed minimal ice crystal damage. The progress of cryosubstitution was monitored over 48 h at 193 K ( -80°C), this showed that uranium ingressed to a depth of 320 µm which could be doubled when shrinkage was allowed for. The conclusion was that observed ice crystal damage originated during the initial freezing and not during subsequent cryoprocessing.

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Thesis (M. App. Sc.) - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, 1980. / Typescript (photocopy).