Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-98).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nebraska--Lincoln, 2004. / PDF text: [2] leaves abstract, vii, 83 leaves dissertation : ill. (some col.). Site viewed on Jan. 25, 2005. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-74 of dissertation).

The factors determining fuse quality in hot-roll toner fixing, namely, toner and paper surface properties and machine conditions were examined. The SEM observation of the fixing states and the tape peeling test failure states showed the direct relation between the fuse quality and the toner fixing states. A physical fusing model was employed to explain the change in the shape of toner particles during the fixing process. The non-uniform fixing states were categorized into three levels. The first group comprised unmelted or only marginally melted toner particles which were weakly adhering to a paper surface and thus in a very early stage in the fusing model. The second group was composed of several combined toner particles in the middle point of the fusing model. The third group was made up of well sintered and spread toner particles called islands. These were strongly adhered to a paper surface and did not peel off by the tape test. The effect of heat and pressure on the fuse quality was to put forward the non-uniform fixing states toward the end of the fusing model giving rise to a better fuse quality. Toner surface tension measurements by a sink-float method indicated a broad distribution from 23 to 38 dyne/cm. This result was supported by ESCA data showing a clear difference in surface chemical composition of nitrogen between the high and low surface tension components of the toner. The broad range of toner surface tension could be one of the causes of the non-uniform fixing states. Paper properties, roughness and spreading also played key roles in toner fixing. The better fuse quality with the smoother paper surface was explained by a proposed model developed from paper surface roughness analysis data obtained by a traversing stylus and the knowledge of toner particle size by SEM. Differences in spreading ability of paper were responsible for observed differences in the fuse quality of paper samples at the same paper roughness. Greater spreading led to better fuse quality by obtaining more intimate contact of toner melt and paper. ESCA analyses of paper and toner surfaces suggest that spreading followed by adhesion is due to the interaction between paper and toner polar groups. / M.S.

The process of micro-encapsulation by emulsifying a solution in a stirred tank has been accepted as the most suitable method for the production of microcapsules for carbonless copy paper and is currently used by Mondi Paper in Merebank. The focus of this project was to obtain a more uniform size distribution of the microcapsules so that oversize capsules would not smudge when they are coated on paper. There was also concern that the formation of very small ink/oil droplets was consuming wall material unnecessarily and was not contributing to the formation of an image on paper. The reduction of these tiny droplets would result in a saving of the cost of the wall material. Mondi currently produces microcapsules with an average diameter between 4 and 5 microns. The amount of capsules produced above 10 microns, the oversize, is less than 1 per cent (v/v) and the amount of capsules produced below 2 microns, the undersize, is between 25 and 30 per cent. Mondi wishes to reduce the amount of undersize capsules, thereby producing a narrower size distribution. This could result in large savings, as discussed above. It could also lead to the production of a six-sheet set of carbonless papers instead of the four-sheet set, which is currently produced. The production of microcapsules by emulsification was investigated in a 2.5-1iter laboratory tank, using an impeller measuring 45 mm in diameter. A range of agitation speeds was investigated and it was seen that at the lowest speed that formed emulsions, 6600 rpm, 15.03 per cent of undersize capsules was produced and an average capsule diameter of 7.57 microns, after 40 minutes of agitation. At the highest impeller speed, 8000 rpm, the average capsule diameter was reduced to 1.93 microns and 67.02 per cent of undersize capsules were classified as "undersize". No oversize capsules were observed. These capsule specifications were not favourable. Further experimentation showed that at 7500 rpm, an average capsule diameter of 5.12 microns and an undersize of 24.20 per cent were observed. The proportion of oversize capsules was 1.63 per cent. Since these results were similar to the results obtained from the plant, 7500 rpm was used accepted as the "standard" speed for the experiments. A reduction in the impeIler speed from 7500 rpm to 7200 rpm after the first 20 minutes of emulsification was one· way on reducing the proportion of undersize particles further. The proportion of undersize particles was reduced from 20.20 per cent to 19.71 per cent at standard conditions. The average capsule diameter and the oversize were not affected significantly. The effect of the emulsification temperature on the particle size distribution was investigated with temperatures ranging from 22 to 40°C, in increments of 2 QC. A temperature of 30 °c was used as a standard temperature as this temperature was being used at the plant. A decrease in the proportion of undersize capsules to 17.12 per cent was seen at temperatures below 30°C and an average of 23.87 per cent was noticed above 30 QC. Although the proportion of undersize capsules decreased, the average capsule diameter increased beyond the specified range to an average of 7.77 microns at temperatures below 30°C. At temperatures above 30 °c the average size was reduced to 5.59 microns. Hence the selection 000 °c as the optimum temperature was confirmed. Experimentation with the emulsification time showed that there were times when a unimodal size distribution was produced. However, these were at times just after the polymerisation had begun, and the reaction was not complete at this stage. A bimodal distribution was always noticed after 40 minutes of emulsification, i.e. after the completion of the reaction. The effects of the baffle widths on the microcapsules were also investigated. Baffle sizes of 5, 10 and 15 mm were used. It was shown that with an increase in baffle width, there was a decrease in the amount of undersize capsules produced. However, the average capsule diameter became too large. A baffle width of 5 mm was shown to produce desirable capsule sizes, although the undersize did not improve, or worsen. Too much of air was trapped in the emulsion when no baffles were used in the tank. Alternatives to the current surfactant, called "Lupasol" were tested so that Mondi could produce the capsules independently instead of relying on the original raw material supplier. This investigation was done based on limited informa.tion on Lupasol. Results from these experiments were inconclusive since more data on Lupasol was required. Samples of the microcapsule emulsion were sent to different companies, in South Africa and abroad, to determine whether the particle size analyser used at Mondi was giving correct results. The results obtained from the companies in South Africa differed by a small amount from that measured at Mondi. However, results obtained from companies abroad varied considerably and it is recommended that Mondi change their particle analyser settings. The power absorbed by the emulsion, in the laboratory-scale equipment was also found. This was determined by monitoring torque. The power was found to be 141.97 Wand the power number was calculated as 0.357. It was noted that the power per unit volume in the laboratory equipment was significantly higher than the plant data (47 kW/m3 vs. 12 kW/m3). The design of the impeller was not changed but the effect of baffle spacing was investigated. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

This work looks at a range of copying processes used between 1950 and 1970 and which can be gathered under the heading 'Thermography'. Thermography is a broad term covering those processes which utilise heat to produce their image. The main aims of the work were: to examine how and when each process was used; to determine the chemistry of each process; to examine the permanence of existing copies produced using the various processes; and to look at possible ways of improving the preservation prospects of these copies. These aims were addressed through both primary and secondary research mechanisms. Research included examination of documentary source material, seeking out persons with first hand knowledge of the development of the processes, as well as analysis of extant copies from the various processes. Finally a series of preliminary experiments into the aging properties of the papers and the possibilities of preservation through the use of protective materials were carried out.