Scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di monitorare la presenza di micotossine lungo la filiera produttiva del mais. Inizialmente è stata valutata la contaminazione da micotossine della granella di mais, proveniente da due regioni italiane. Le micotossine, la cui presenza era più estesa e rilevante, erano le fumonisine. Sono state indagate le condizioni di umidità e temperatura più favorevoli alla produzione di AFB1 da parte di un ceppo di Aspergillus flavus. L'ibrido DKC5353 ha presentato le minori contaminazioni, in tutte le località in cui è stato coltivato, per quanto riguarda la contaminazione da fumonisine. Tra i vari trattamenti insetticidi e fungicidi testati per l'efficacia nella riduzione della contaminazione da fumonisine, solo uno ha dato riscontro positivo. È stata valutata la ripartizione delle fumonisine nelle frazioni di molitura e nei sottoprodotti della lavorazione dell'olio di mais. Entrambi i processi si sono dimostrati efficaci metodi di decontaminazione. Dalle analisi sulle farine di mais per polenta emerge la necessità di intensificare i controlli e sorvegliare i punti critici del processo di molitura. / The aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of mycotoxins over productive cycle of maize. Samples of maize kernels, coming from two Italian regions, were analysed to quantify mycotoxins contamination: the mycotoxins, that showed the most widespread and significant occurrence, were fumonisins. The conditions of humidity and temperature, in which an Aspergillus flavus strain produced the greatest quantity of AFB1, were investigated. Considering fumonisins content, hybrid DKC5353 showed the least contaminations, in all places it was grown. Only one of the various insecticide and fungicide treatments tested was effective. The distribution of fumonisins in several milling fractions and by-products of corn oil manufacture: both processes proved successful methods of decontamination. The necessity of increase controls and monitor the critical points of milling process emerged from the analyses on polenta maize flour.

The objectives of our study were to determine the potential of 1H MRS in detecting (1) early colonic inflammation, (2) effects of various fatty acids on normal colon and (3) their effects on IBD. Sprague dawley rat fed with 2% carrageenan was used as a model of IBD. Flaxseed oil served as ω-3, corn oil as ω-6 and beef tallow as saturated fatty acid sources. Control group animals were fed 5% corn oil, whereas, those in high-fat diet groups received an additional 7% of the respective fatty acids. After 2 weeks, 1H MRS and histology were conducted on excised colonic mucosa. Statistical classification strategy (SCS) used for analyzing 1H MRS data achieved an accuracy of 82 % in stage 1, 90-100% in stage 2 and 96-100% in stage 3. This implies that 1H MRS is a sensitive tool to diagnose early IBD and the effects of dietary fat on IBD.

The objectives of our study were to determine the potential of 1H MRS in detecting (1) early colonic inflammation, (2) effects of various fatty acids on normal colon and (3) their effects on IBD. Sprague dawley rat fed with 2% carrageenan was used as a model of IBD. Flaxseed oil served as ω-3, corn oil as ω-6 and beef tallow as saturated fatty acid sources. Control group animals were fed 5% corn oil, whereas, those in high-fat diet groups received an additional 7% of the respective fatty acids. After 2 weeks, 1H MRS and histology were conducted on excised colonic mucosa. Statistical classification strategy (SCS) used for analyzing 1H MRS data achieved an accuracy of 82 % in stage 1, 90-100% in stage 2 and 96-100% in stage 3. This implies that 1H MRS is a sensitive tool to diagnose early IBD and the effects of dietary fat on IBD.

Orientador : Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_CintiaBernando_D.pdf: 1149559 bytes, checksum: cd85c907c1913fe8fc7fdee0823b2e9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Este trabalho de tese de doutoramento teve como objetivo avaliar vários aspectos do processo de extração líquido-líquido (ELL) como uma rota alternativa para a desacidificação de óleos vegetais. O conhecimento do equilíbrio de fases do sistema de interesse é essencial para o bom planejamento e desenvolvimento do processo de ELL. O presente trabalho apresenta dados de equilíbrio para sistemas compostos por óleos vegetais (milho/palma), ácidos graxos (oléico/ palmítico) e solvente (etanol contendo diferentes teores de água, até 18% em massa), e a correlação destes dados empregando os modelos termodinâmicos NRTL e UNIQUAC. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de otimizar a concentração de água no solvente para reduzir a perda de óleo neutro sem afetar de forma significativa o coeficiente de distribuição dos ácidos graxos. Para o óleo de palma, a metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) também foi utilizada a fim de avaliar o efeito de algumas variáveis de processo, como teor de água no solvente e razão óleo:solvente, sobre a perda de óleo neutro, transferência de ácidos graxos livres e preservação dos carotenóides. Essa metodologia permitiu otimizar a razão óleo:solvente ao redor de 0,75 e o teor de água no solvente em torno de 6%. Estudou-se, ainda, o processo de desacidificação do óleo de palma por extração líquido-líquido em equipamento contínuo, utilizando condições previamente otimizadas com o auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta. O impacto deste tipo de processo sobre a qualidade do produto final também foi avaliado. Os resultados indicaram que é possível obter um óleo de palma refinado com acidez livre menor do que 0,3% (em massa), mantendo um teor considerável de compostos nutracêuticos no produto refinado / Abstract: This PhD thesis had the aim of evaluating various aspects of the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) process as an alternative route for the deacidification of vegetable oils. The knowledge of the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the systems of interest is essential for planning and developing a LLE process. The present work reports equilibrium data for systems containing vegetable oils (corn/palm), fatty acids (oleic/ palmitic) and solvents (ethanol containing different water contents up to 18 mass%), and the correlation of these data by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. This work was performed with the aim of optimizing the water content in the solvent in order to reduce the loss of neutral oil without affecting in a significant way the fatty acid distribution coefficients. For the palm oil, the response surface methodology (RSM) was also utilized to analyze the effect of some process variable, such as water content in the solvent and mass ratio of oil to solvent, on the loss of neutral, on the free fatty acids transfer and on the carotenoids preservation. This methodology allowed to optimize the mass ratio of oil to solvent around 0.75 and the water content in the solvent around 6 mass%. Furthermore, the deacidification of palm oil by liquid-liquid extraction in a continuous equipment was studied using the optimized conditions obtained in the response surface analysis. The impact of this type of process on the final product quality was also evaluated. The experimental results indicated that it is possible to obtain a refined palm oil with free acidity less than 0.3% (in mass), keeping a considerable content of nutraceutical compounds in the refined product / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Graduation date: 1993