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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Consumo e influência de exopolissacarideos de Anabaena spiroides (Cyanophyceae) sobre a toxicidade e captura do cobre por Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Cladocera, Daphnidae).

Choueri, Rodrigo Brasil 13 May 2004 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRBC.pdf: 967066 bytes, checksum: 70991b6b98884e4372060fd788d5c4d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Human specie can alter deeply and very fast the enviroment in which it is in. Because of the industrial development, the water, air and soil contamination have become cause of concern, chiefly in big cities with great populations. Among the contaminants figure the heavy metals, which levels at aquatic and terrestrial ecossistems are growin up every year. These elements are able to bioaccumulate in the organisms and biomagnified on the food webs. The bioavailability of metals can be influencied by several factors like the complexation with dissolved organic matter, e.g. algal exudates, that generally decreases the toxicity of this elements. The scope of this work was evaluate the potencial use of exopolysccharides of Anabaena spiroides (Cyanophyceae) as food source of Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Cladocera, Daphnidae), and to establish the influence of this organic matter on copper toxicity and uptake to this cladoceran. Initially, it was estabilished the C. cornuta length-weigth relation. After this, it was investigated ingestion of exopolysccharide and its influence in life history parameters of C. cornuta. Results showed that A. spiroides exopolysccharide is able to sustain a population of this zooplanktonic specie. Individuals fed with this compound exhibited rate of population growth very significant to this specie (r = 0,263). The copper acute toxicity and uptake by C. cornuta assay revealed that addition of 30mg L-1 of A. spiroides exopolysccharide increased about 4 times copper EC/50 (calculated by Trimmed Spearman-Karber method) to C. Cornuta (from 8,11x10-8M ±9,80x10-9M without exopolysccharide to 3,25x10-7M ±5,30x10-8M with addition of exopolysccharide). Copper concentration in the organisms after 24 hours exposure to several metal concentration was determined by DPASV using a polarograph and showed little variation among concentrations and treatments with and without exopolysccharide. It suggests that organisms of this study were able to regulate copper body contents. / A espécie humana altera profundamente e com grande rapidez o ambiente no qual se insere. Com o desenvolvimento industrial, a contaminação da água, do ar e do solo tornou-se preocupante, sobretudo nas grandes cidades densamente povoadas. Dentre os contaminantes, estão os metais pesados, cujos níveis nos ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres vêm aumentando a cada ano. Esses elementos podem ser bioacumulados nos organismos e biomagnificados nas cadeias tróficas. A biodisponibilidade de metais pode ser influenciada por vários fatores, entre eles, a formação de complexos com a matéria orgânica dissolvida, como exudatos algais, que geralmente diminui a toxicidade desses elementos. O escopo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso potencial de exopolissacarídeos de Anabaena spiroides (Cyanophyceae) como fonte alimentar de Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Cladocera, Daphnidae), bem como determinar a influência dessa matéria orgânica na toxicidade e captura do cobre por esse cladócero. Inicialmente, foi confeccionada uma regressão peso seco (µg) comprimento (mm) para Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Em seguida, foi investigada a ingestão do exopolissacarídeo por C. cornuta e a influência desse tipo de alimento em parâmetros bionômicos dessa espécie zooplanctônica. Os resultados demonstraram que o exopolissacarídeo A. spiroides é capaz de sustentar uma população de C. cornuta. Os animais alimentados com esse composto apresentaram taxa de crescimento populacional (r) de 0,263, bastante significativa para a espécie. O experimento de toxicidade e captura de cobre por C. cornuta revelou que a adição de 30mg L-1 de exopolissacarídeo de A. spiroides aumentou em aproximadamente 4 vezes a EC/50 (calculada pelo método Trimmed Spearman-Karber ) do cobre para C. Cornuta (de 8,11x10-8M ±9,80x10- 9M - sem exopolissacarídeo - para 3,25x10-7M ±5,30x10-8M com exopolissacarídeo). As concentrações de cobre nos organismos após 24 horas de exposição a diferentes concentrações do metal no meio experimental foram determinadas em polarógrafo através da técnica de DPASV e demonstraram pouca variação entre concentrações e entre os tratamentos com e sem exopolissacarídeos, o que sugere que os organismos testados regulem o conteúdo de cobre no corpo.
2

Biomanipulação experimental como forma de melhoramento da qualidade da água e os seus efeitos na comunidade zooplanctônica

Medeiros, Ana Maria Alves de 25 January 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1732626 bytes, checksum: 1ea01eff6b48d045cb5829753b4efd89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Order Cladocera is amongst the most studied scientific groups on continental aquatic environments, given that they provide valuable information regarding energy transfer between trophic levels. Cladocerans play important ecological roles by serving as food for higher predators (invertebrates and vertebrates) and by regulating the biomass of freshwater phytoplankton. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of vertebrate predators on Ceriodaphnia cornuta using laboratory experiments. The influence of potential predators on C. cornuta was experimentally tested based on density comparisons along five days (2-day interval between analyses) in the presence of two vertebrate predators, namely, the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Cichlidae) and the Twospot astyanax (Astyanax bimaculatus,Characidae). C. cornuta individuals remained permanently isolated from predators by a 45 μm mesh size net during the experiment and, therefore, predation rates were not accounted for throughout the study. Furthermore, fertility rate and size were also evaluated alongside with density of C. cornuta and environmental variables sampled included water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Results revealed a higher adult mortality on the former experimental days (due to acclimation or age). Further C. cornuta density increased on both predator treatments (O. niloticus and A. bimaculatus), but was fairly higher on the control treatment (no predators; 5th day). Fertility rate increased on the last experiment days on both predator treatments. Higher body size values were also observed on the last experiment days of the control treatment. Results of the present study suggest that, in the absence of vertebrate predators, C. cornuta showed a somewhat higher population growth and larger body size. / A Ordem Cladocera é uma das mais estudadas e importantes nos ambientes aquáticos continentais, pois, além de fornecerem muitas informações sobre a transferência de energia ao longo da cadeia trófica, algumas de suas espécies apresentam uma grande importância no controle do fitoplâncton da água doce e ao mesmo tempo, algumas espécies são presas preferidas de vertebrados e invertebrados. O trabalho teve como foco avaliar a influência de predadores vertebrados sobre a história de vida da espécie Ceriodaphnia cornuta,através de experimentos realizados em laboratório. A influência de potenciais predadores sobre a C. cornutafoi avaliada experimentalmente, a partir das comparações das densidades do cladócero, ao longo de cinco dias, com análises a cada dois dias, na presença de dois predadores vertebrados, tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus, Cichlidae) e piaba (Astyanax bimaculatus,Characidae). Os indivíduos de C. cornuta ficaram separados dos predadores, por uma tela de 45 μm, logo as interferências que foram analisadas excluíram a taxa de predação. Foram analisados para além das densidades, as taxas de fecundidade e o comprimento dos organismos. Alguns parâmetros ambientais aquáticos dos experimentos também foram analisados (temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido). Os principais resultados deste trabalho incluem maior mortalidade dos adultos nos primeiros dias (aclimatação ou idade),um aumento na densidade de C. cornuta foi observado em todos os tratamentos (com piaba e com tilápia), com destaque para o quinto dia nos aquários controle, ou seja, C. cornuta, sem a presença de predadores. Verificou-seo aumento da fecundidade nos últimos dias de avaliaçãonos aquários com tilápia e piaba. Nos dados referentes ao comprimento do corpo, verificou-se que nos últimos dias de experimento o comprimento dos indivíduos foi maior no controle, apesar de não haver dierenças estatísticas.Os resultados obtidos com este experimento mostraram que na ausência de um predador vertebrado, C. cornuta apresentou um crescimento populacional maior e um maior comprimento do corpo.
3

Roles of environmental plasticity and adaptation of nurse species from the subalpine and oromediterranean zones of the Pyrenees and the Mount-Lebanon for alpine communities structure / Rôle de la plasticité environnementale et de l’adaptation d’espèces nurses des étages subalpins et oroméditerranéens des Pyrénées et du Mont-Liban pour la structure des communautés alpines

Al Hayek, Patrick 16 October 2014 (has links)
Les plantes en coussins sont connues pour leur capacité fondatrice de nouvel habitat pour les autres espèces. Par ailleurs, des études ont montré que la variation morphologique au sein d’espèces fondatrices peut induire une variation des effets compétiteurs sur les espèces subordonnées, ce qui peut affecter la composition des communautés. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les conséquences d’une variation intraspécifique de deux espèces fondatrices (Festuca gautieri et Onobrychis cornuta) occupant des micro-environnements contrastés dans deux systèmes montagneux [les Pyrénées (France) et le Mont-Liban (Liban),respectivement] sur les communautés végétales associées (subalpines etoroméditerranéennes, respectivement). Nous avons évalué par des approches descriptives et/ou expérimentales (jardins expérimentaux, transplantations réciproques) les contributions de la génétique et de la plasticité à la variation morphologique entre deux phénotypes de coussins (dense et lâche) pour chaque espèce fondatrice, et à leurs effets contrastés sur les espèces subordonnées. Nous avons également quantifié les effets rétroactifs de la communauté pour la reproduction des espèces fondatrices. Nos résultats montrent une contribution à la fois de la génétique et de la plasticité à la variation phénotypique. La base génétique des variations morphologiques entre les phénotypes a induit des différences héréditaires d’effets compétiteurs sur les espèces subordonnées, tout en contrecarrant l’augmentation de la compétition avec la diminution du stress – le résultat dominant dans la littérature sur les systèmes subalpins. Nous avons aussi trouvé des effets rétroactifs négatifs des espèces subordonnées pour l’espèce fondatrice, avec une diminution de la production de fleurs (par les coussins) due au nombre croissant d’espèces subordonnées. La diversité des espèces subordonnées était plus élevée dans les conditions environnementales favorables que dans les stressantes. Par conséquent, nous avons conclu que les effets génétiques surmontent les effets environnementaux, limitant la compétition dans les milieux favorables, maintenant ainsi une plus grande diversité dans ces milieux que dans les milieux stressants. / Alpine cushion plants are foundation species known for their nursingability. Moreover, studies have shown that morphological variation in foundationspecies can trigger variation in competitive effects on subordinate species, likely toaffect community composition. We investigated the consequences of intraspecificvariation within two alpine cushion species (Festuca gautieri and Onobrychis cornuta)across heterogeneous environments in two mountain ranges [the Pyrenees (France)and Mount-Lebanon (Lebanon), respectively] for the associated plant communities(subalpine and oromediterranean, respectively). We assessed with observationaland/or experimental (common-gardens, reciprocal transplantation experiments)approaches the relative contribution of genetics and plasticity to the morphologicalvariation between two cushion phenotypes (tight and loose) of the foundationspecies, and to their differential effects on subordinate species. Communityfeedbacks were also quantified. Our results show that both genetics and plasticitycontributed to the phenotypic variation. The genetic basis of the morphologicaldifferences between phenotypes induced heritable differences in competitive effectson subordinate species, but however counteracted the general increase incompetition with decreasing stress dominantly found in the literature on subalpinesystems. We also found negative feedbacks of subordinates on foundation speciesfitness, with higher cover of subordinate species reducing the cushions flowerproduction. Subordinate species diversity was higher in benign than in stressedenvironmental conditions. Consequently, we concluded that genetic effects overcomethe environmental effects by limiting competition in benign physical conditions, thusmaintaining a higher diversity in benign than stressed conditions.

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