No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Degree of Naval Engineer and M.S. in Materials Science and Engineering) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1994. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

No description available.

The object of this research was to investigate and evaluate three methods for determination of sulfate and to use the obtained information as a guide in selecting an accurate analytical method with which to conduct a complete analysis of calcium sulfate deposits. The investigation of the analytical methods revealed that the gravimetric method is most accurate for high sulfate concentrations. This method was selected for all analytical work conducted in the study of the deposited material and in the development of a sodium hydroxide-alcohol-water solution for the removal of the calcium sulfate deposits. The initial phases of the development of the sodium hydroxide-alcohol-water solution were discouraging in that the results were inconsistent and could not be reproduced. It was believed that such inconsistencies resulted, primarily, from the method of mixing the solutions, since all mixing was done by weight percentages. The method of mixing was revised, and all subsequent mixing was governed by titration of the solution in order to determine the sodium hydroxide concentration. The alcohol was added after the solution was adjusted to the desired sodium hydroxide concentration. The investigation revealed that, following the immersion period, “air drying" the material had an effect upon the behavior of the sample during the second immersion period. It was seen that the disintegration of more resistant materials could be facilitated by employing such a period for drying the material before a second immersion period. A cost study revealed that application of the proposed method for removal of calcium sulfate deposits from treatment facilities is economically sound and that the cost of application of the method is very small compared to the cost of replacement of facilities. / Master of Science

No description available.

A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

Content: Acid attacks are a global problem: from 2011 to 2016 there were 1,464 incidents involving a corrosive substance in London alone. The most common chemicals used in these attacks are sulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids. Concentrated solutions of strongly alkaline substances including sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite are also used. Current first-aid advice suggests diluting the exposed area with water and transfer to a hospital for further treatment. An immediate neutralisation treatment is avoided as incorrect identification of the corrosive could worsen the damage. In addition, there are concerns the enthalpy of solvation and neutralisation causes secondary burns. These limitations demonstrate the need for an amphoteric neutralising treatment with a low enthalpy of neutralisation. Aqueous formulations of natural water-based surfactants with natural plant-based substances have been trialled as neutralisers of sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. pH titrations demonstrated that the natural formulations are amphoteric, capable of effectively neutralising acidic and alkaline corrosives with minimal heat of neutralisation and no gas evolution. In addition, the studies have shown that the formulations can reduce oxidisers such as sodium hypochlorite. The experiments compared intact collagen with attacked but untreated collagen and collagen that had a corrosive applied but followed by treatment at different time intervals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid is rapid; significant collapse and gelatinisation of the fibre structure was observed within 5 seconds. Pigskin was utilised to model human skin: the observations demonstrated the importance of the epidermis in protecting the skin from chemical damage. Five minutes exposure to sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite did not penetrate the epidermis, although damage was observed. The formulations of natural products recently tested at the University of Northampton have been shown to mitigate secondary chemical burns, whereas treatment with water alone resulted in secondary burns due to residual corrosive in the skin structure not being neutralised. The trials indicate that the product could be usefully applied by first responders and emergency services personnel. Take-Away: The findings have the potential to change current first-aid reccomendations by demonstrating an applicable neutralisation mechanism, whereas neutralisation with sodium bicarbonate has been shown to cause further damage to skin structure via gas evolution. Formulations of natural products have been shown to mitigate secondary chemical burns, whereas treatment with water resulted in secondary burns due to residual corrosive in the skin structure not being neutralised. Trials indicate these natural formulations could be usefully applied by first responders and emergency services personnel.