A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

A ação de compostos sulfúricos presentes no óleo isolante de transformadores e reatores de potência ajuda na sua estabilidade à oxidação, porém, com o passar do tempo, provoca a corrosão do cobre, o que leva o equipamento à falha. O teor de enxofre, presente no óleo bruto, foi então reduzido, porém aditivos colocados no óleo isolante para combater a oxidação, particularmente o dibenzil dissulfeto (DBDS), ocasionou falhas prematuras em vários transformadores e reatores no mundo todo. A reação do DBDS com o cobre do condutor forma o composto sulfeto de cobre I (Cu2S), o que ocasiona a redução da rigidez dielétrica da isolação sólida, composta basicamente por papel Kraft. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a degradação prematura da isolação papel-óleo em transformadores e reatores de potência devido a ação de enxofre corrosivo gerado pelo DBDS (dibenzil dissulfeto). Amostras de papel, óleo e cobre antes e após envelhecimento foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos e térmicos. A cromatografia gasosa do óleo após teste de aumento de temperatura mostrou evolução de CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 e C2H6 na amostra com DBDS, ao passo que na amostra do óleo normal não houve geração de gases, e na amostra passivada, retornou a valores ainda inferiores àqueles obtidos para o óleo normal. O papel Kraft envelhecido apresentou um decréscimo na sua estabilidade térmica (80ºC) quando comparado com o papel novo, indicando início da degradação deste material em temperatura inferior ao papel novo, sendo que no FTIR uma banda de grupos funcionais aminas e amidas e as bandas dos grupos nitrila, que aparecem no papel novo, não se verificaram na amostra envelhecida. O cobre nu, imerso no óleo mineral isolante (OMI) com DBDS, apresentou contaminação por Cu2S, o que mostrou ser o OMI corrosivo, e a amostra de cobre imersa em OMI com DBDS e passivado, resultou não corrosivo, o que mostra o efeito protetor do passivador. / Power transformers and reactors are equipments of vital importance for any electrical power grid, which intends to provide electrical energy efficiently and reliably in order to face the needful demands for economic development and life quality improvement. Sulfur compounds present in the oils, improves its oxidation stability, however, its reaction with copper, over the time, provoking corrosion, has proved to be harmful to the equipments. A few years ago, sudden failures, especially involving step up transformers and reactors, have been concerning people responsible for the electrical power grids worldwide. Researches pointed out to the inhibitor of oxidation dibenzyldisulfide (DBDS) as the root of the problem. The DBDS reacts with the copper forming copper sulfide, Cu2S, reducing considerably the dielectric strength of the Kraft paper, leading the insulation to fail prematurely. As a result, there are high economic losses and equipments unavailability as well. Regarding the scenario presented, this work intends to assess the power transformers and reactors paper-oil insulation premature degradation due to copper sulfide jeopardy, arose by DBDS. Kraft paper, oil and copper new samples and after being aged, were characterized by physical - humidity, grammage and density (paper and oil), MEV (paper and copper) - chemical – corrosivity and DGA (oil), FTIR (paper) – and thermal tests – TGA (paper). The test of oil corrosivity showed to be neutral for the normal oil sample, and harmful to copper for the oil sample inhibited with DBDS, as well as the protection exerted by the passivated oil sample. The results of DGA after the test with high temperature, showed an evolution of CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 in the sample inhibited with DBDS, whilst in the normal oil sample there was no gas generation, and in the oil sample passivated the gas concentrations resulted even lower than in the normal oil sample. The aged Kraft paper presented a decrease in its termic stability (80ºC) in comparison with the new Kraft paper, what indicates the degradation beginning of this material occurs at a lower temperature in relation of the new paper. Regarding the Fourier Infrared test (FTIR), one band of amines and amides functional groups, and the nitrile groups, which were shown in the new paper sample, could not be figured out in the aged paper. The copper immersed in oil with DBDS, showed Cu2S contamination, what asserts the oil as corrosive, on the other hand, the copper sample immersed in passivated oil was clean, what has proved the passivator protection.

L’indisponibilité d’un transformateur de puissance a de fortes répercussions financières aussi bien pour les exploitants de réseaux d’énergie électriques que pour les clients qui y sont connectés. Afin de prévenir les pannes et d’optimiser la performance de ces équipements d’importance stratégique, de nombreuses techniques et outils de diagnostic ont été développés. L’huile contient environ 70 % des informations de diagnostic sur l’état des transformateurs. Le défi consiste à y accéder et à les utiliser efficacement. L’atteinte d’un tel objectif passe nécessairement par des techniques de diagnostic fiables. En plus des techniques traditionnellement utilisées, trois nouvelles techniques de diagnostic issues des normes ASTM sont utilisées : (1) le test de stabilité qui permet de simuler le comportement sous champ électrique d’une huile en fournissant des informations sur la qualité de celle-ci ; (2) la spectrophotométrie UV/Visible qui permet de mesurer la quantité relative de produits de décomposition dissous dans l’huile ; et (3) la turbidité qui mesure la pureté d’une huile neuve ou usagée. Une méthode quantitative permettant de déterminer les paramètres affectant la formation du soufre corrosif sur les conducteurs en cuivre dans les transformateurs de puissance est proposée. Il est montré entre autres que la tendance au gazage des esters naturels est plus faible que celle de tous les autres types d’huile (minérales, esters synthétiques, silicone). La turbidité et la spectrophotométrie UV/Visible permettent de quantifier efficacement les contaminants qui résultent de l’action d’une décharge électrique sur l’huile isolante. Un nombre important de cycles de régénération (au moins 15) est nécessaire pour qu’une huile vieillie en service retrouve les aptitudes d’une huile neuve. Une nouvelle technique de régénération est présentée pour réduire le nombre de cycles de régénération ; celle-ci consiste à utiliser la terre à foulon traitée avec de l’azote. Il est montré également que le temps constitue le paramètre le plus nuisible dans la formation de soufre corrosif. L’action combinée du temps et de l’agressivité de l’oxygène dissous l’accélère fortement. / A power transformer outage has a dramatic financial consequence not only for electric power systems utilities but also for interconnected customers. In order to prevent any failure and to optimize their maintenance, various diagnostic techniques and tools have been developed. Insulating oil contains about 70% of diagnostic information on the transformer condition. The challenge is to access and use them efficiently. To meet this objective reliable diagnostic techniques are required. In addition to traditional testing methods, three recently developed ASTM testing techniques were used: (1) oil stability testing that simulates the behaviour of oil under electrical stress by providing information on its quality; (2) the UV/Visspectrophotometry that measures the amount of the relative dissolved decay products in insulating oil; and (3) the turbidity that measures the purity of virgin and aged oil. A quantitative laboratory technique capable of determining the parameters affecting the formation of corrosive sulphur deposition on copper conductors in power transformer is proposed. It is shown among other that the gassing tendency of natural esters is lower than that of the other types of insulating fluids (mineral oil, synthetics esters and silicone oil). The turbidity and UV/Vis spectrophotometry allow quantifying effectively, the relative amount of contaminants resulting from electrical discharge in oils. A large number of reclamation cycles (around 15 passes) are required for in-service aged oil to regenerate to the level of new oil. Anew technique enabling reducing the number of reclamation cycles is proposed; this latter consists in the use of Fuller’s Earth previously treated with dry nitrogen. It is also shown that time is the most influential parameter in the formation of corrosive sulfur. The process is accelerated when time and aggressiveness of oxygen are partnered.