MSc (Eng), School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment

Orientador: José Pissolato Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carriel_LazaroPartamian_M.pdf: 4727086 bytes, checksum: dcf745210139d03b3d6ea5af9c6db4d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O transformador é o maior ativo, o mais importante e o mais caro do sistema elétrico de potência. Este estudo tem a finalidade de apresentar uma metodologia e um processo de análise do ciclo de vida útil de transformadores de potência baseada na condição, para evitar perda de vida adicional devido ao acréscimo de carga em condição de contingência no sistema. A abordagem foi feita em duas fases e abrangem tanto a metodologia da norma ABNT como a norma do IEEE. Na primeira fase é verificado o comportamento do modelo térmico devido a sobrecargas e, na segunda, a influência das condições do óleo isolante / Abstract: The transformer is the largest, most expensive, most important asset in the electric power system. This study will present a methodology to analyze the useful life of power transformers based on their condition, in order to avoid incremental loss of life caused by overload under contingent operating conditions. The approach has been performed in two phases, following both ABNT and IEEE standards. In the first phase, a thermal model evaluates the effect of overloads on transformers' useful life. In the second phase, the influence of the conditions of the insulating oil is verified / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

A quantidade de falhas recentes em transformadores e suas consequências são alarmantes. As perdas econômicas, os riscos e a falta de confiabilidade decorrentes são inaceitáveis. Face à gravidade da situação um conjunto de recomendações de implementação imediata é estabelecido. O objetivo é assegurar a continuidade da operação confiável dos transformadores em serviço e garantir a especificação segura de transformadores novos. As recomendações envolvem o dimensionamento de enrolamentos levando em conta transitórios rápidos e ressonâncias internas; auditoria e controle de projetos; formas de ondas de ensaio mais representativas de fenômenos transitórios não convencionais; ações associadas à condições de operação; monitoração contínua e aplicação de filtros para a proteção frente a transitórios rápidos. Estas recomendações apoiam-se em análises cuidadosas das condições de projeto, fabricação e ensaios de transformadores complementadas pela análise teórica e de campo de falhas recentes em grandes transformadores de alta tensão. Vários modos de falhas dielétricas de transformadores estão associados a transitórios eletromagnéticos não convencionais. É analisada a modelagem de enrolamentos para transitórios de alta frequência. Os resultados de simulações aplicadas a alguns transformadores de alta tensão são apresentados. A aplicação das recomendações apresentadas deverá resultar na redução de falhas em grandes transformadores de alta tensão. / The number of transformer failures and its consequences are of very high concern. The associated economic losses, risks to life and environment and reduced reliability level are not acceptable any more. From this situation, a set of recommendation with possible immediately implementation is established. The objective is to give a reliable continuous operation condition to the remaining transformers in service and guarantee a safe specification for new transformers. The recommendations are including the dimensioning of transformer windings related to very fast transients and internal resonance; design review; dielectric test waves more representatives of non conventional transients phenomena; operation conditions; continuous monitoring and application of filter as protection device against very fast transients. These recommendations are supported by deep analysis of design conditions, manufacturing and test of power transformers complemented with theoretic and on site analysis of recent failures of high voltage large power transformers. Several dielectric failures modes of transformers are associated with non conventional electromagnetic transients. From this, it is included a modeling of transformer windings for high frequency transients. The results of simulations applied to high voltage transformers are presented. The application of the presented recommendations shall give as result a reduction in number of failures of large power transformers.

A quantidade de falhas recentes em transformadores e suas consequências são alarmantes. As perdas econômicas, os riscos e a falta de confiabilidade decorrentes são inaceitáveis. Face à gravidade da situação um conjunto de recomendações de implementação imediata é estabelecido. O objetivo é assegurar a continuidade da operação confiável dos transformadores em serviço e garantir a especificação segura de transformadores novos. As recomendações envolvem o dimensionamento de enrolamentos levando em conta transitórios rápidos e ressonâncias internas; auditoria e controle de projetos; formas de ondas de ensaio mais representativas de fenômenos transitórios não convencionais; ações associadas à condições de operação; monitoração contínua e aplicação de filtros para a proteção frente a transitórios rápidos. Estas recomendações apoiam-se em análises cuidadosas das condições de projeto, fabricação e ensaios de transformadores complementadas pela análise teórica e de campo de falhas recentes em grandes transformadores de alta tensão. Vários modos de falhas dielétricas de transformadores estão associados a transitórios eletromagnéticos não convencionais. É analisada a modelagem de enrolamentos para transitórios de alta frequência. Os resultados de simulações aplicadas a alguns transformadores de alta tensão são apresentados. A aplicação das recomendações apresentadas deverá resultar na redução de falhas em grandes transformadores de alta tensão. / The number of transformer failures and its consequences are of very high concern. The associated economic losses, risks to life and environment and reduced reliability level are not acceptable any more. From this situation, a set of recommendation with possible immediately implementation is established. The objective is to give a reliable continuous operation condition to the remaining transformers in service and guarantee a safe specification for new transformers. The recommendations are including the dimensioning of transformer windings related to very fast transients and internal resonance; design review; dielectric test waves more representatives of non conventional transients phenomena; operation conditions; continuous monitoring and application of filter as protection device against very fast transients. These recommendations are supported by deep analysis of design conditions, manufacturing and test of power transformers complemented with theoretic and on site analysis of recent failures of high voltage large power transformers. Several dielectric failures modes of transformers are associated with non conventional electromagnetic transients. From this, it is included a modeling of transformer windings for high frequency transients. The results of simulations applied to high voltage transformers are presented. The application of the presented recommendations shall give as result a reduction in number of failures of large power transformers.

In this paper is present information about dry power transformers mechanical design, common electrical characteristics, and electrical characteristics. There compare oil transformers and dry power transformers. There are given conclusions about possible in practice use dry transformers and some to offer a suggestion how to pick and choose transformers.

Mineral oil has been widely used in liquid insulation of power transformers. However, it is poorly biodegradable and could cause serious contamination to the environment if a spill occurs. With increasingly strict environmental rules and regulations, there is considerable interest from the Utilities to apply esters in power transformers as substitutions to mineral oil. In order to use esters in large power transformers, their dielectric properties should be thoroughly investigated. This PhD thesis covers the experimental studies on the dielectric properties of a type of synthetic ester (Midel 7131) and a type of natural ester (FR3) in both uniform and divergent electric fields, using a mineral oil (Gemini X) as the benchmark. The dielectric properties of transformer liquids in uniform fields were investigated using breakdown voltage tests. The breakdown voltages of esters should be at least similar to that of mineral oil to allow a replacement in transformers. To obtain a fair comparison, the AC breakdown voltages of well-processed transformer liquids were tested, and their distributions were statistically analyzed. Since the breakdowns of transformer liquids in uniform fields are caused by the weakest-links, conditions representative of in-service transformer liquids were also considered by testing the effects of extraneous factors, such as particles, water and electrode area. The divergent fields were produced by sharp needle electrodes with tip curvatures of a few micrometers. The dielectric properties of transformer liquids in such fields were studied using several methods. A traditional PD detector was used to study the partial discharge characteristics of insulating liquids, such as the inception voltages and the repetition rates. A high speed camera was utilized to identify the streamer generation, propagation and breakdown phenomena. An oscilloscope was used to investigate the current signals associated with these phenomena. The breakdown voltages of transformer liquids were also determined in the divergent field at various gaps. Furthermore, the fault gases in transformer liquids under partial discharge faults were determined and analyzed. The following findings and conclusions can be made from the research in this thesis: * The AC dielectric strengths of esters in uniform fields are similar to that of mineral oil when they are in a well-processed condition. When practical liquid conditions are considered, the AC dielectric strengths of esters are higher than that of mineral oil. * The partial discharge behaviours at overstressed voltages can be used to differentiate various transformer liquids. Esters are relatively inferior to mineral oil in terms of higher discharge amplitude, higher discharge repetition rate and more negative partial discharges.* Mineral oil possesses a higher ability to suppress the propagation of negative streamers. Thus, the AC dielectric strength of mineral oil in the divergent field is relatively higher than those of esters. * Esters generate the same types of fault gases due to electrical discharge as mineral oil, but in relatively larger amounts.

Power transformers are key components of electric system networks; their performance inevitably influences the reliability of electricity transmission and distribution systems. To comprehend the thermal ageing of transformers, hot-spot prediction becomes of significance. As the current method to estimate the hot-spot temperature is based on empirical hot-spot factor and is over-simplified, thermal network modelling has been developed due to its well balance between computation speed and approximation details. The application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on transformer thermal analysis could investigate detailed and fundamental phenomena of cooling oil flow, and the principle of this PhD thesis is then to develop more accurate and reliable network modelling tools by utilising CFD.In this PhD thesis the empirical equations employed in network model for Nusselt number (Nu), friction coefficient and junction pressure losses (JPL) are calibrated for a wide range of winding dimensions used by power transformer designs from 22 kV to 500 kV, 20 MVA to 500 MVA, by conducting large sets of CFD simulations. The newly calibrated Nu equation predicts a winding temperature increase as the consequence of on average 15% lower Nu values along horizontal oil ducts. The new friction coefficient equation predicts a slightly more uniform oil flow rate distribution across the ducts, and also calculates a higher pressure drop over the entire winding. The new constant values for the JPL equations shows much better match to experimental results than the currently used 'off-the-shelf' constants and also reveals that more oil will tend to flow through the upper half of a pass if at a high inlet oil flow rate. Based on a test winding model in the laboratory, the CFD calibrated network model's calculation results are compared to both CFD and experimental results. It is concluded that the deviation between the oil pressure drop over the pass calculated by the network model and the CFD and the measured values is acceptably low. It proves that network modelling could deliver quick and reliable calculation results of the oil pressure drop over windings and thereby assist to choose capable oil pumps at the thermal design stage. However the flow distribution predicted by network model deviates from the one by CFD; this is particularly obvious for the cases with high flow rates probably due to the entry eddy circulation phenomena observed in CFD. As no experiment validation has been conducted, further investigation is necessary. The CFD calibrated network model is also applied to conduct a set of sensitivity studies on various thermal design parameters as well as loads. Because the studies are on a directed oil cooling winding case, an oil pump model is incorporated. From the studies recommendations are given for optimising thermal design, e.g. narrowed horizontal ducts will reduce average winding and hot-spot temperatures, and narrowed vertical ducts will however increase the temperatures. Doubled oil block washers are found to be able to significantly reduce the disc temperatures, although there is a slight reduction of the total oil flow rate, due to the increase of winding hydraulic impedance. The impact of different loadings, 50%~150% of rated load, upon the forced oil flow rate is limited, relative change below 5%. The correlations between the average winding and hot-spot temperatures versus the load factors follow parabolic trends.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para cálculo da correção do fator de construção de núcleos de transformadores de potência, devido à influência das perdas na região das juntas magnéticas. Esse fator permite corrigir o valor de perdas em vazio no núcleo, obtido das curvas do fabricante das chapas de aço-silício, e sua determinação, até o momento, tem sido baseada, sobretudo, em estimativas empíricas e estatísticas. A correção proposta para esse fator é baseada no cálculo das perdas magnéticas na região das juntas, cálculo esse obtido a partir de uma simulação computacional do transformador pelo Método de Elementos Finitos. Com esse fator de correção, foi possível melhorar a precisão do cálculo de perdas em vazio, aproximando-o mais dos valores experimentais. Foram estudados dois tipos de juntas magnéticas, com e sem step-lap, e três dimensões de entreferro; em seguida, foi analisada a influência desses parâmetros no fator de construção. As simulações foram realizadas por um programa comercial que utiliza o Método de Elementos Finitos em duas dimensões. / This work presents a suggestion to calculate a correction factor of building factor in a core of power transformers, due to influence of losses in the magnetic junctions. This factor allows correcting the value of no load loss in the core, obtained from steel manufacturers, and their determination, up to now, it has been based, especially, in empirical and statistics estimates. The correction suggested to this factor is based in magnetic losses calculations in junction region, calculation which was obtained from a computer simulation of the transformer by Finite Element Method. Having this correction factor, could the accuracy of the calculation of no load loss, be improved, setting of the experimental value closer. Two types of magnetic joints, with and without step-lap, and three of gap were studied; then, it was examined the influence of these parameters in the building factor. The simulations were run by commercial software which uses finite element method in two dimensions.

Transformadores de potência são equipamentos essenciais no sistema elétrico de potência, alterando os níveis de tensão para interligar os sistemas de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica. Neste trabalho são relacionados e descritos os principais modos de falha normalmente verificados em transformadores, associados ao levantamento estatístico que compõe um banco de dados elaborado a partir de perícias realizadas entre os anos de 2.000 e 2.008 para companhias seguradoras. É apresentada e desenvolvida uma análise de falhas verificadas em cerca de uma centena de transformadores com diferentes tipos de aplicação, classes de tensão e níveis de potência. O objetivo do estudo é contribuir com um melhor entendimento de causas de falhas e os tipos de transformadores mais suscetíveis a cada uma delas. / Power transformers are essential equipment in the electric system by changing the voltage levels in order to connect generation, transmission and distribution systems of electric energy. In this study are related and described the most common failure modes in transformers, associated with the statistical statement that makes up a database developed from expertise held between the years 2000 and 2008 for insurance companies. It is presented and developed an analysis of failures found in around a hundred transformers with different types of application, classes of voltage and power levels. The objective of the study is to contribute to a better understanding of the causes of failures and the transformers types most susceptible to each one.

Transformadores de potência, como produtos não seriados, estão sujeitos a uma série de possíveis desvios de processo. As divergências que transformadores podem apresentar em relação ao seu projeto original podem ter consequências em sua capacidade de suportar carregamentos mecânicos que lhe serão aplicados. Seu transporte da fábrica às subestações elétricas é um dos principais eventos durante o qual suas estruturas são carregadas. Este trabalho foca em descrever e analisar um transformador de potência genérico em um modelo bidimensional, sob o ponto de vista da Mecânica Analítica e da análise de variabilidades com o objetivo de identificar parâmetros importantes à integridade estrutural do equipamento, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao modo de falha de destacamento das chapas do núcleo nos step laps. O modelo numérico do transformador consiste na representação de corpos rígidos conectados entre si por elementos de rigidez e amortecimento, tendo o conjunto do núcleo ferromagnético particularmente mais detalhado de modo a descrever o atrito existente em suas junções. A avaliação dos esforços nesses locais é feita por meio do método dos multiplicadores de Lagrange, ao considerar o atrito como uma restrição ao movimento, sendo que as forças e momentos limites para que ocorra o deslizamento planar das chapas do núcleo são determinados utilizando-se Newton-Raphson ou outras técnicas de otimização. / Power transformers, as non serialized products, are subject to a number of process deviations. The divergences that transformers present from their original design may have consequences on their ability to withstand mechanical loads which will be applied on them. Their transportation from workshop to power plants is one of the main events their structures are loaded. This work focuses on describing and analyzing a generic power transformer in a two-dimensional model, under the sight of Analytical Mechanics and Structural Reliability in order to identify important parameters related to their structural integrity, especially those concerning the failure mode of dismantling of the ferromagnetic core in the step-lap joints. The numerical model of the transformer consists of a representation of rigid bodies, connected to each other by stiness and damping elements, having the assembly of the ferromagnetic core more detailed in order to describe the friction present on their step-lap joint. The evaluation of friction in these locations is made using the Lagrange Multipliers Method, by considering it as a movement restriction, and the limit values of forces and moments to which the planar sliding of the core sheets occurs, damaging the behavior of the electric machine, are determined using Newton-Raphson and Optimization Methods.