The music-evoked emotion literature implicates many brain regions involved in emotional processing but is currently lacking a model that specifically explains how they temporally and dynamically interact to produce intensely pleasurable emotions. A conceptual model, The Dynamic Functional Capacity Theory (DFCT), is proposed that provides a foundation for the further understanding of how brain regions interact to produce intense intensely pleasurable emotions. The DFCT claims that brain regions mediating emotion and arousal regulation have a limited functional capacity that can be exceeded by intense stimuli. The prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to abruptly deactivate when this happens, resulting in the inhibitory release of sensory cortices, the limbic system, the reward-circuit, and the brainstem reticular activating system, causing 'unbridled' activation of these areas. This process produces extremely intense emotions. This theory may provide music-evoked emotion researchers and Music Therapy researchers a theoretical foundation for continued research and application and also to compliment current theories of emotion. / Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 231 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

The human primary motor cortex (M1) undergoes structural and functional change throughout life by a process known as neuroplasticity. Techniques which artificially induce neuroplastic changes are seen as potential adjunct therapies for neurological conditions reliant on neuroplasticity for recovery of function. Unfortunately, the reported improvements in function when these techniques have been used in combination with regular rehabilitation have so far been inconsistent. One reason attributed to this is the large variability in effectiveness of these techniques in inducing neuroplastic change. This thesis has investigated factors influencing the effectiveness and reproducibility of neuroplasticity induction in human M1 using several experimental paradigms. The effectiveness and reproducibility of inducing neuroplasticity in human M1 using two variants of a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol was investigated in the first set of experiments (Chapter 2). Both protocols repeatedly paired a peripheral electrical stimulus to the median nerve of the left wrist with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered 25 ms later to the contralateral M1. Neuroplastic changes were quantified by comparing the amplitude of the muscle evoked potential (MEP) recorded in abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle by suprathreshold TMS prior to and following PAS. With both protocols, neuroplasticity induction was more effective, and the responses across sessions more reproducible, if the experiments were performed in the afternoon compared to the morning. Subsequent experiments confirmed the time of day modulation of PAS-induced neuroplasticity by repeatedly testing twenty-five subjects on two separate occasions, once in the morning (8 am), and once in the evening (8 pm) (Chapter 3). Time of day was also shown to modulate GABAergic inhibition in M1. In a further set of experiments, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that artificially elevated circulating cortisol levels (with a single oral dose of hydrocortisone) inhibits PAS-induced neuroplasticity in the evening (8 pm), indicating that the time of day modulation of neuroplasticity induction with PAS is due, at least in part, to differences in circulating cortisol levels (Chapter 3). The cortical circuits that are modulated by PAS have also been shown to be important in motor learning. Therefore, the final set of experiments, described in Chapter 4, investigated whether motor-training-related changes in motor performance (and cortical excitability) following a ballistic motor training task are also modulated by time of day. Twenty-two subjects repeatedly abducted their left thumb with maximal acceleration for thirty minutes during two experimental sessions (morning (8 am) and evening (8 pm)) on separate occasions. Motor training improved motor performance, and increased cortical excitability, however these changes were independent of time of day. It may be that the motor training task and/or outcome measures used were not sufficiently sensitive to detect a subtle time of day effect of motor training on motor performance. Alternatively, the normally functioning motor system may be able to compensate for changes in cortical excitability to maintain optimal motor performance. These findings have important implications for therapies reliant on neuroplasticity for recovery of function, and indicate that rehabilitation may be most effective when circulating cortisol levels are low. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2009

The human primary motor cortex (M1) undergoes structural and functional change throughout life by a process known as neuroplasticity. Techniques which artificially induce neuroplastic changes are seen as potential adjunct therapies for neurological conditions reliant on neuroplasticity for recovery of function. Unfortunately, the reported improvements in function when these techniques have been used in combination with regular rehabilitation have so far been inconsistent. One reason attributed to this is the large variability in effectiveness of these techniques in inducing neuroplastic change. This thesis has investigated factors influencing the effectiveness and reproducibility of neuroplasticity induction in human M1 using several experimental paradigms. The effectiveness and reproducibility of inducing neuroplasticity in human M1 using two variants of a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol was investigated in the first set of experiments (Chapter 2). Both protocols repeatedly paired a peripheral electrical stimulus to the median nerve of the left wrist with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered 25 ms later to the contralateral M1. Neuroplastic changes were quantified by comparing the amplitude of the muscle evoked potential (MEP) recorded in abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle by suprathreshold TMS prior to and following PAS. With both protocols, neuroplasticity induction was more effective, and the responses across sessions more reproducible, if the experiments were performed in the afternoon compared to the morning. Subsequent experiments confirmed the time of day modulation of PAS-induced neuroplasticity by repeatedly testing twenty-five subjects on two separate occasions, once in the morning (8 am), and once in the evening (8 pm) (Chapter 3). Time of day was also shown to modulate GABAergic inhibition in M1. In a further set of experiments, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that artificially elevated circulating cortisol levels (with a single oral dose of hydrocortisone) inhibits PAS-induced neuroplasticity in the evening (8 pm), indicating that the time of day modulation of neuroplasticity induction with PAS is due, at least in part, to differences in circulating cortisol levels (Chapter 3). The cortical circuits that are modulated by PAS have also been shown to be important in motor learning. Therefore, the final set of experiments, described in Chapter 4, investigated whether motor-training-related changes in motor performance (and cortical excitability) following a ballistic motor training task are also modulated by time of day. Twenty-two subjects repeatedly abducted their left thumb with maximal acceleration for thirty minutes during two experimental sessions (morning (8 am) and evening (8 pm)) on separate occasions. Motor training improved motor performance, and increased cortical excitability, however these changes were independent of time of day. It may be that the motor training task and/or outcome measures used were not sufficiently sensitive to detect a subtle time of day effect of motor training on motor performance. Alternatively, the normally functioning motor system may be able to compensate for changes in cortical excitability to maintain optimal motor performance. These findings have important implications for therapies reliant on neuroplasticity for recovery of function, and indicate that rehabilitation may be most effective when circulating cortisol levels are low. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2009

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Neuroscience)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-248). Also available on the World Wide Web as a PDF file.

Un développement racinaire optimal est essentiel pour favoriser la croissance des plantes et leur permettre d’accéder à de meilleurs rendements. La plupart de nos connaissances concernant le contrôle moléculaire du développement racinaire a été acquise grâce à l’étude de la plante modèle dicotylédone Arabidopsis thaliana. Les racines de riz, plante modèle des monocotylédones, présentent une anatomie semblable à celle d’A.thaliana. Ces deux systèmes racinaires sont caractérisés par une organisation concentrique des tissus autour de la stèle. Entre l’endoderme et l’épiderme, le riz présente deux couches plus externes, appelées le sclérenchyme et l’exoderme, ainsi que plusieurs couches de cortex dans la zone centrale. Chacun de ces tissus possèdent des spécificités anatomiques et moléculaires qui leur confèrent des rôles divers dans le développement et la croissance de la racine. Le nombre de couches variable de cortex dépend du type de racines, du stade de développement de la plante et des conditions environnementales. Le tissu cortical a un rôle structurel, fonctionnel et adaptatif essentiel pour les racines de riz. La différenciation du cortex et de l’endoderme a été longuement étudiée chez A.thaliana durant la dernière décennie. Le gène SHORT-ROOT (SHR) a été identifié comme un gène clé dans leur formation. Un modèle moléculaire a été développé, où SHR est transcrit dans la stèle, et la protéine migre jusque l’endoderme où elle active la transcription du gène SCARECROW (SCR). Ensemble SHR et SCR induisent la division périclinale asymétrique d’une cellule initiale, permettant la formation des deux couches de tissus internes que sont l’endoderme et le cortex. Chez le riz, il existe des orthologues de SHR et SCR, qui sont apparus suite à des duplications, appelés OsSHR1 & OsSHR2 et OsSCR1 & OsSCR2. Au sein de cette thèse nous avons tenté d’identifier le rôle des gènes OsSHR1&2 dans la mise en place des différentes couches de cortex chez le riz. / Optimal root development is central for plants to reach maximum growth and yield. Most of our knowledge regarding genes involved in root development has been accumulated in the dicotyledon model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Roots of rice, the monocotyledon model, present several extra ground tissue layers compared to A. thaliana. Between epidermis and endodermis, rice possesses two outer cell layers, exodermis and schlerenchyma, and a multilayered cortex. All these tissues have specific cell identity, anatomical and molecular adaptations related to their diverse roles in root growth and function. Variation in the number of cortex cell layers depends on the rice root type and cortex is one of the key tissues for rice adaptation to submergence and tolerance to other environmental stresses. Cortex and endodermis differentiation in A. thaliana has been extensively studied during the last 10 years. Thereby, SHORTROOT (SHR) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana has been identified as a key gene required for their formations. An elegant model was developed, where SHR is transcribed in stele tissue and its protein moves to the endodermis where it activates SCARECROW (SCR) transcription. Together, SHR and SCR induce periclinal division of the ground tissue initial separating cortex and endodermis cell layers. Cortex formation in rice represents an intriguing contrast to A. thaliana. Variations in the number of cortex cell layers can be observed between the root types and during rice development. There should be a control mechanism for the number of cortical cell layers, and SCR and SHR rice orthologs represent good candidates. Two duplications in rice led to apparition ortholog genes of AtSHR (OsSHR1 and OsSHR2) and we have addressed the question of their respective function in cortex formation in rice root.

Memory formation and recall depend on a complex circuit that includes the hippocampus and associated cortical regions. The goal of this thesis was to understand how two of the cortical connections, the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), influence spatial and nonspatial activity in the hippocampus. Cells in the MEC exhibit prominent spatially selective activity and have been hypothesized to drive place representation in the hippocampus. In Experiment 1 the MEC was transiently inactivated using the inhibitory opsin ArchaerhodopsinT (ArchT), and simultaneous recordings from CA1 were made as rats ran on an elliptical track. In response to MEC disruption some cells in the hippocampus shifted the preferred location of activity, some changed firing rate and others were unaffected. The new representation that developed following MEC disruption remained stable despite the fact that inhibition was transient. If the MEC is the source of spatial activity in the hippocampus the activity would be either time-locked to periods of inhibition or unstable throughout the period of inconsistent input. These results show that the MEC guides spatial representation in the hippocampus but does not directly drive spatial firing. The mPFC is generally thought to guide behavior in response to contextual elements. Experiment 2 examined the interaction between the mPFC and the hippocampus as rats performed a contextual discrimination task. Recordings were made in CA1, and the mPFC was disrupted using ArchT during the odor sampling phase of the discrimination. As animals perform this task neurons in the hippocampus respond to a conjunction of odor and location which indicates an association of what and where information in the hippocampus. Optogenetic disruption of the mPFC led to a decrease in nonspatial representation. Individual cells showed lower levels of odor selectivity, but there was no change in the level of spatial representation. This indicates that the mPFC is important for determining how the hippocampus represents nonspatial information but does not alter the spatial representation. The results are discussed within a model of memory formation that includes binding spatial and nonspatial information in the hippocampus.

Residual vision, or blindsight, following damage to the primary visual cortex was first identified almost a century ago. However, the mechanism and pathways underlying this ability, as well as the extent of visual function, remain unclear and are a continuing source of speculation. The work presented here goes some way to try to address these questions, investigating 18 patients with V1 damage and homonymous visual field loss acquired in adulthood. Six experimental chapters explore the extent and potential for visual function after V1 damage, and apply novel neuroimaging paradigms and techniques to try to uncover the mechanisms and pathways that might be involved. A combination of psychophysics, functional and structural MRI was used to investigate responses to blind field stimulation in the dorsal and ventral streams. In addition, diffusion MRI tractography was performed and related to psychophysical performance, so that the three main pathways implicated in blindsight could be evaluated. Lastly, a small rehabilitation study was carried out to assess the effect of training in the blind hemifield, and to investigate whether there is any transfer of learning between the dorsal and ventral visual streams. The results from this work reinforce the suggestion that blindsight may be more common than was first thought, and may extend across a number of characteristics involving both visual streams. It is also suggested that visual function need not be completely unconscious, but that certain salient stimuli can elicit both non-visual and crude visual experience. The use of parametric functional imaging paradigms has enabled a number of properties of non-striate inputs to the extrastriate cortex to be revealed. Together with tractography, this points to an important role for the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus in blindsight function. It is hoped that future work will build upon this, and that it may be possible to target these residual pathways in the rehabilitation of patients with V1 damage.