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Ma thèse porte sur deux questions importantes de la Cosmologie:(i) L'origine des champs magnétiques cosmologiques:L'Univers semble magnétisé à absolument toutes ses échelles (spatiales et temporelles), y compris le milieu intergalactique. Mais leur origine est encore inconnue à l'heure actuelle, malgré les nombreux efforts pour essayer de répondre à cette question. On pense qu'ils ont d'abord été générés avec de très faibles amplitudes, puis qu'ils ont été amplifiés au cours de la formation des structures. La turbulence dans les galaxies et les amas de galaxies modifie totalement l'organisation initiale de ces champs, ce qui fait que les champs observés actuellement dans les structures ne nous renseignent pas sur leur origine. Il convient donc de s'intéresser aux champs intergalactiques. J'ai dévelopé analytiquement un modèle de magnétogénèse basé sur la photoionisation du milieu intergalactique par les premières étoiles et les premières galaxies apparues dans l'Univers, il y a environ 13 milliards d'années. Puis, en collaboration avec H. Tashiro et N. Sugiyama (Japon), j'ai calculé de façon analytique la densité d'énergie moyenne injectée par ce processus dans le contexte cosmologique, et en parallèle, en collaboration avec D.Aubert (France), j'ai étudié les propriétés statistiques du champs généré à travers des simulations numériques. Nos prédictions sont compatibles avec les observations actuelles. Ce mécanisme a donc dû participer à la magnétisation de l'Univers à ses plus grandes échelles.(ii) Fragmentation gravitationnelle de la toile cosmique:Les simulations numériques suggèrent que la matière dans l'Univers est répartie de façon filamentaire, les noeuds de ce réseau étant les amas de galaxies. La matière s'écoule le long de ces filaments. L'accrétion dans les noeuds est donc anisotrope, et il s'avère qu'elle est aussi en partie intermittente. Cela indique que la matière ne se structure pas uniquement dans les amas, mais aussi dans les filaments, voire les nappes ou les vides cosmiques. Je me suis donc intéressé à l'instabilité gravitationnelle dans les milieux stratifiés. J'ai proposé une nouvelle approche, dans le cadre de la théorie spectrale, en m'inspirant de la littérature plasma. / My thesis deals with two important topics of Cosmology:(i) Origin of cosmological magnetic fields:Magnetic fields seem ubiquitous in the Universe, present at all scales and all times, probably even in the entire intergalactic medium. Their origin is still unclear, especially on the largest scales. The current paradigm is that they were first generated with extremely weak strengths, and later amplified during structure formation. Because of turbulence, the fields we observe in galaxies and galaxy clusters lost their initial characteristics. However, in less dense regions such as cosmological filaments, sheets or voids, magnetic fields have evolved more mildly. Therefore, intergalactic magnetic fields may still possess a memory of the processes that generated them and hold the key to their origin. I developed analytically a detailed physical model of a natural astrophysical mechanism that generates intergalactic magnetic fields during the first billion year, namely at the time when first stars and galaxies were born. Then, in collaboration with H. Tashiro and N. Sugiyama (Japan), I computed analytically the mean energy density injected in the entire Universe through this mechanism. Independently, in collaboration with D. Aubert (France), I derived the topological and statistical properties of the magnetic field thus generated, using cosmological numerical simulations. This way I demonstrated that this simple, natural photoionization-based magnetogenesis must have created magnetic seed fields with properties a priori perfectly compatible with present day observations.(ii) Gravitational fragmentation of the cosmic web:Cosmological numerical simulations suggest that the Universe has a web-like structure, the nodes of which are galaxy clusters. These nodes are supplied with matter flowing along the filaments interconnecting them. Part of this accretion occurs intermittently, which indicates that clumps of matter form not only inside clusters themselves, but also either in cosmic voids, walls and/or filaments. I studied gravitational instability in stratified media in the frame of spectral theory, in planar and cylindrical geometries, relevant for cosmic walls and filaments, for isothermal, polytropic, and with and without an external gravitational background (e.g. Dark Matter). I have recasted the problem as an eigenvalue problem in the force operator formalism, and derived the wave equation governing the growth of perturbations. I also studied it in matrix form, which gives complementary information.

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In recent decades, thousands of exoplanets have been discovered. The next step is to characterize theobserved planets in terms of their radii, masses, density, physical conditions and composition of theiratmospheres. Several space-based observatories such as TESS and CHEOPS have started determiningthe first three observables but characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres is waiting for observationcampaigns with instruments like CRIRES+ at the VLT and NIRSpec on the JWST. To ensure the efficiencyof data acquisition, careful planning of observations is necessary. In this project we developeda software tool to select and rank candidates based on the feasibility of observations of atmosphericfeatures during transits with CRIRES+. We also review different techniques to retrieve transmissionspectra from transit observations and modeling of exoplanet atmospheres in order to clarify the requirementsfor the data. Our CRIRES-planning-tool is built on astronomical observation planningmethods from astropy and astroplan and the exposure time calculator designed for CRIRES+ byESO and UU. We conclude that observations for atmospheric characterization with CRIRES+ are feasible.However, we observed that for a robust candidate selection, careful iterative tuning of proposedconstraints is required.

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A small report that investigates neutrino emission from supernovae, in order to estimate at what distance you will have to be from a supernova for the neutrino radiation to kill you.

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This thesis considers emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the most powerful explosions known in the Universe. Most GRBs are likely associated with the final stages of stellar evolution, where the core of a massive star collapses, and gives birth to a highly compact object such as a neutron star or black hole. The wide energy range of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope allows for unprecedented studies of GRBs. Fermi data is used to study the emission released at the photosphere of the relativistic outow ejected from the central compact object. The thesis present studies of two of the strongest GRBs ever detected; GRB 090902B (Papers I, II) and GRB 110721A (Paper III). Photospheric emission is identied and its properties are studied for both GRBs. For the first time, observational evidence is found for spectral broadening of photospheric emission. Motivated by these results, possible mechanisms to make the emission from the photosphere appear broader than the Planck spectrum are examined. Two separate theoretical explanations are presented. Apart from the possibility of energy dissipation below the photosphere (Paper II), geometrical effects in outflows with angle dependent properties is shown to significantly broaden the photospheric spectrum (Paper IV). Most importantly, the observed spectrum below the peak energy may become significantly softer inthe latter case. This thesis thus concludes that photospheric emission in GRBs may be more common than previously thought. This is because the emission spectrum from the jet photosphere does not necessarily need to be a Planck function. On the contrary it is shown that broader and/or multicomponent spectra naturally arise, consistent with what is generally observed. In particular, the thesis presents a new mechanism for spectral broadening due to geometrical effects, which must be taken into consideration in the study of GRB emission. / <p>QC 20120907</p>