Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Turbulent fluxes may be directly determined as the statistical covariance between quantities locally observed. Besides environmental and instrumental difficulties associated with taking high frequency measurements over the ocean, there is a source of uncertainty inherent to the estimation of turbulent fluxes in the atmosphere, and it is their contamination by nonturbulent motion. This problem is directly related to the time window over which the covariances are determined and to the cospectral gap that, in theory, separates turbulent and nonturbulent events. In this work, we use a methodology based in the Empirical Mode Decomposition, which allows the precise identification of the cospectral gap for each temporal interval over which the fluxes are determined. Furthermore, this novel methodology allows filtering out oscillation modes associated with nonturbulent events, therefore allowing the use of a time window over which the large turbulent eddies are completely sampled. To test the method, data from two oceanic cruises have been used. One is from project HalocAST-2010 (over Eastern Pacific), and the other is from project Acex 2012 (over Southwestern Atlantic). The use of the new method in 4-h time series resulted in an increase of the absolute values of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and momentum, with respect to those determined with the traditionally used 10-minute time series. For CO2 fluxes, it has been observed a large reduction of the average absolute fluxes, suggesting that such measurement may be largely contaminated by nonturbulent fluxes. When compared to bulk estimates, fluxes obtained by the new methodology show reduced scatter with respect to those determined from fixed 10-minute windows. The scatter reduction of the CO2 flux estimates allowed the determination of a functional relationship between piston velocity and wind speed, which is not possible to be obtained from the 10-minute estimates. / Fluxos turbulentos são determinados diretamente através da covariância estatística de medidas localmente obtidas. Além das dificuldades ambientais e instrumentais encontradas na realização de medidas de alta frequência em regiões oceânicas, existe uma fonte de incerteza inerente às estimativas de fluxos turbulentos na atmosfera que é a contaminação desses pelos movimentos de mesoescala. Esse problema está diretamente relacionado com a janela temporal em que as covariâncias são calculadas e a lacuna espectral que separa os eventos turbulentos dos não-turbulentos. Nesse trabalho, utilizamos uma metodologia baseada na Decomposição em Modos Empíricos que permite a identificação da lacuna coespectral para cada intervalo em que os fluxos são calculados. Além disso, essa nova metodologia possibilita a filtragem dos modos de oscilação associados aos eventos não-turbulentos, permitido que seja usada uma janela temporal em que os grandes turbilhões sejam suficientemente amostrados. Foram utilizadas as medidas obtidas nos cruzeiros realizados pelos projetos HalocAST-2010 (leste do Pacífico) e ACEx-2012 (Atlântico Sudoeste). O uso da nova metodologia em séries de 4 h resultou em um aumento nos valores absolutos dos fluxos médios de calor sensível, latente e momento em comparação aos tradicionalmente calculados a partir de séries de 10 min. Isso mostra que, além da remoção da contribuição dos eventos de mesoescala, uma melhor representação do transporte associado aos grandes turbilhões também foi obtida. No caso do CO2, foi observada uma grande redução no valor absoluto dos fluxos médios, sugerindo que essa medida possa estar sendo fortemente contaminada pelos eventos não-turbulentos. Quando comparados com estimativas de bulk, os fluxos obtidos pela nova metodologia apresentam menor espalhamento que os calculados a partir de janelas de 10 min. A redução no espalhamento das medidas dos fluxos de CO2, possibilitou a determinação de uma relação funcional da velocidade de transferência com a velocidade do vento, que não pôde ser observada de maneira clara a partir das medidas de 10 min.

This paper was written as a bachelor thesis in mathematics. We study adjacency matrices and their eigenvalues to investigate what properties of the corresponding graphs can be determined by those eigenvalues, the spectrum of the graph. The question of which graphs are uniquely determined by their spectra is also covered. Later on we study some methods of finding examples of graphs with shared spectra, also referred to as cospectral graphs.

Much research has been done in the realm of quantum walks over networks of qubits. We primarily study a type of graph consisting of a path with two stars connected to the leaves which we call a Double Extended Star. We find that Pretty Good State Transfer can occur in many ways in a Double Extended Star and that Fractional Revival cannot occur in Double Extended Stars except when the length of the path within is one.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by more than 100 ppm since prior to the industrial revolution.  The global oceans are considered an important sink of atmospheric CO2, since approximately one third of the anthropogenic emissions are absorbed by the oceans. To be able to model the global carbon cycle and the future climate, it is important to have knowledge of the processes controlling the air-sea exchange of CO2. In this thesis, measurements as well as a model is used in order to increase the knowledge of the exchange processes. The air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated from high frequency measurements using three methods; one empirical method, and two methods with a solid theoretical foundation. The methods are modified to be applicable for various atmospheric stratifications, and the agreement between methods is good in average. A new parameterization of the transfer velocity (the rate of transfer across the air-sea interface), is implemented in a Baltic Sea model. The new parameterization includes also the mechanism of water-side convection. The impact of including the new parameterization is relatively small due to feedback processes in the model. The new parameterization is however more representative for flux calculations using in-situ measurement or remote sensing products. When removing the feedback to the model, the monthly average flux increases by up to 20% in some months, compared to when water-side convection is not included. The Baltic Sea carbon budget was estimated using the Baltic Sea model, and the Baltic Sea was found to be a net sink of CO2. This is consistent with some previous studies, while contradictory to others. The dissimilarity between studies indicates the difficulty in estimating the carbon budget mainly due to variations of the CO2 uptake/release in time and space. Local variations not captured by the model, such as coastal upwelling, give uncertainties to the model. Coastal upwelling can alter the uptake/release of CO2 in a region by up to 250%. If upwelling would be included in the model, the Baltic Sea might be considered a smaller sink of CO2.