Two dinitroaniline herbicides, Prowl and Treflan, were tested in field experiments with cotton to determine their differences, if any, in terms of weed control and crop injury potential. Plots treated with the lowest rate of Treflan (0.125 lb a.i./A at one location and 0.25 lb a.i./A at a second location) exhibited reduced weed control in comparison to the other herbicide treatments. Although root inhibition was slight, lateral root growth of cotton was inhibited more by the higher rates of Treflan (0.75 and 1.0 lb a.i./A) than by the higher rates of Prowl (1.0 and 1.25 lb a.i./A). However, differences in weed control and crop injury were not reflected in differences in cotton stand counts, height measurements and yield as there were no significant differences in these parameters between treatments.

The goal of our research is to determine the effects of yellow nutsedge competition on cotton and to examine how the competitive relationship between these two species is modulated by soil moisture. In support of this goal, a competition experiment with various nutsedge densities and three irrigation regimes was conducted at the University of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural Center. The results of this study indicate that increasing nutsedge density caused a significant linear decrease in cotton seed yield in both 1993 (p=0.03) and 1994 (p=0.002). The cotton yield reductions caused by the highest nutsedge densities, 33 and 50 tubers /m of crop row in 1993 and 1994, respectively, were 13.5 and 15.5 percent, respectively. Stem biomass, an indicator of total above ground biomass, increased significantly with increasing soil moisture. There was also a trend of increasing seed cotton yield with increasing soil moisture with the wet treatment (i.e., irrigation at 35 percent soil moisture depletion) resulting in the highest biomass and yields. In 1994 this trend was significant (p=0.0001) but in 1993 it was not (p=0.098) probably because fewer replications were used in 1993. An important goal of this research was to determine if cotton, with its deeper tap root type of root architecture, is more competitive against yellow nutsedge, which has a fibrous root system, when irrigation is less frequent. However, analysis of variance showed that there was no significant interaction between soil moisture availability and seed cotton yield reductions caused by nutsedge competition in either 1993 (p=0.44) or 1994 (p=0.62).

This paper offers practical advice to growers interested in precision guidance technologies. Various types of guidance systems are described, along with their potential applications and benefits in a farming operation. Also discussed are some of the techniques which can be employed with precision guidance, including mechanical removal of weeds in the row, improved nutsedge control, and precision herbicide applications.

The objective of this project is to evaluate the benefits of precision guidance systems as a means of using tillage to kill weeds, and to confine herbicide applications to narrow bands. In cotton, a precision guided close cultivation with a directed spray of MSMA significantly reduced a purple nutsedge stand early on. However this reduction was not significant by the end of the season. For controlling woolly morningglory, the use of a precision guided cultivator equipped with in -row weeding devices resulted in much lower numbers of morningglory weeds, although the differences were not significant at the 95% confidence level. The guidance system kept the implement precisely aligned to the drill rows at a higher speed than was possible with the cooperator's non - precision cultivator. This higher productivity more than offsets the cost of the guidance system and the in-row weeding devices.

Late emerging summer annual grassy weeds such as Mexican sprangletop can stain cotton lint resulting in price discounts for color at harvest. Cyanizine (Bladex) is commonly applied layby for grassy weed, morningglory, and pigweed control, however use of this herbicide will be phased out by 2002 with rate reductions beginning in 1998. Clethodim (Select) herbicide was evaluated as an alternative to cyanizine for layby grassy weed control, plus the antagonistic effect of tank mixing Select with Staple herbicide was examined in Parker Valley, AZ during the 1997 cotton growing season.

A study was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to compare various cotton weed control programs that combined the use of the over-the-top herbicides Buctril, Roundup Ultra and Staple with reduced or eliminated preemergence herbicide applications in dry planted cotton. Roundup Utra provide superior large seedling Palmer amaranth control compared to Buctril or Staple. The yield and end of the season weed control data showed that BXNBuctril and Staple weed control strategies require the application of a dinitroaniline herbicide prior to planting. The data also suggest that a band application of Prowl in combination with timely postemergence Buctril or Staple applications would be just as effective as preplant incorporated application of Prowl. In contrast to the Buctril and Staple herbicide treatments, the end of the season weed control ratings and seed cotton yield were the same for all of the Roundup Ready cotton treatments suggesting that Roundup Ready cotton weed control strategies do not necessarily require a dinitroaniline herbicide (Prowl or Trejlan) application prior to planting.

The distribution of weed species and the herbicides and cultural practices used to control weeds in Arizona cotton fields were surveyed in 1995 and 1996. The most common weeds were purple nutsedge, bermudagrass, annual morningglory, Palmer amarnath, Wright groundcherry, common purselane, yellow nutsedge and Johnsongrass. The average statewide cost for hand weeding in 1995 was reported as $27.87 per acre in addition to other weed control costs. Statewide, most growers used preemergence herbicides before or at planting and used pre- and post-emergence herbicides later in the season. Most of these applications were broadcast applications suggesting that many of the postemergence herbicide applications were layby applications. Preemergence herbicides (usually applied preplant incorporated) such as Treflan, Prowl, and Prometryn were more commonly used than postemergence herbicides. Statewide, few growers banded preemergence herbicides or used electro- hydraulic quick-hitch guidance systems and in-row weeding tools with their cultivators.

The efficacy of Roundupm herbicide for the control of common Arizona weeds in Roundup Ready® cotton was evaluated in field studies conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1995. Promising results were obtained with 1 lb a.i./A (1 quart/A) over-the-top band applications of Roundup when cotton had 1 to 2 true leaves followed by a second, "sloppy", post-directed application ofRoundup at 1 lb a.i./A when cotton had 4 to 5 true leaves. Excellent control of small Palmer Amaranth, Wright Groundcherry, and annual morningglory seedlings was obtained with each 1 lb a.i./A Roundup application in the broadleaf weed study. The two sequential 1 lb a.i./A Roundup applications kept plots free of broadleaf weeds until layby. In the nutsedge weed control study, it was found that nutsedge plants treated with a single 1 lb a. i./A application of Roundup were stunted and exhibited leaf chlorosis, but efficacy was marginal with weed control ratings of only 40 to 50 percent. Nutsedge control ratings for an application of norflurazon (i.e., Zorial) alone or combined with Roundup applied at the 1 to 2 true leaf stage of cotton were 63 and 75 percent, respectively. Two sequential applications of Roundup at 1 lb a.i./A, both with or without norflurazon, resulted in about 90 percent nutsedge control. Roundup Ready cotton exhibited good tolerance to two sequential early season 1 lb a.i./A Roundup applications, as made in these studies, with no apparent seed cotton or lint yield reductions.

This article offers practical advice on in-row weeding techniques and tooling setups.

Close cultivation (within 1.5 inches of the cotton drill row) accomplished with an electro-hydraulic machine guidance system and an early season application of the herbicide DSMA were evaluated for purple nutsedge suppression in cotton. There were no significant differences in the cotton plant mapping data collected mid - season except that there was significantly less boll retention on the second fruiting branch in the precision cultivator treatments that may have been caused by root pruning during the second precision cultivation that could have shocked the cotton. There were significant differences in seed cotton yield with the precision cultivator treatments yielding more than the standard cultivator treatments. There was an opposing yield trend with the use of DSMA; DSMA tending to be beneficial with the precision cultivator and detrimental with the standard cultivator. We cannot explain this opposing trend. We regard our results as preliminary until we gain more experience with precision-guided cultivators in dense stands of nutsedge.