Ivan Illich (1926-2002) propose dans ses ouvrages une critique radicale des « institutions » (Église, école, hôpital, transports, machines, etc.) qui toutes, à un moment de leur déploiement, se révèlent contre-productives. Peut-on transposer au domaine de l'urbain ses analyses ? Si oui, en quoi contribuent-elles à rendre intelligible ce qui « travaille » les villes à l'ère de l'urbanisation planétaire ? Cette recherche propose une lecture illichienne de « l'entreprise-ville » et suggère des pistes pour sortir de l'impasse productiviste dans laquelle elle est engagée. Elle s'articule autour de deux axes : Premièrement, dans le contexte du paradigme économiciste de la rareté et du paradigme cybernétique des systèmes, la Ville a été substituée par une entreprise urbaine contre-productive : une anti-ville. L'urbanisme devient iatrogène. C'est « le grand enfermement ».Deuxièmement, les idées d'Ivan Illich projetées sur l'espace habité nourrissent , et très généreusement, un nouveau paradigme pour sortir de l'industrialisme et reconstruire le territoire à travers des processus de réduction / reconduction. C'est la ville conviviale / In his work, Ivan Illich (1926-2002) makes a radical critique of “institutions” (the Church, schools, hospitals, transport, machines, etc.), alleging that at some stage in their development they become all counterproductive. Can these analyses be transposed to the urban domain? If so, how can they help to make what “shapes” cities intelligible in the age of global urbanisation? This research proposes an Illichian reading of “the business-city” and suggests ways to leave the productivist impasse it is now experiencing. It is structured around two axes : Firstly, in the context of the economic model of scarcity and of the cybernetic model of systems, the City has been replaced by a counterproductive urban business: an anti-city, in which Urbanism becomes iatrogenic. It is « the vast enclosure ». Secondly, Ivan Illich's ideas transposed to the habitable space significantly contribute towards nurturing a new model for leaving industrialism and reconstructing the territory through processes of reduction and reconduction. This is the convivial city

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This thesis is a qualitative case study of counterterrorism in Brazil. Special focus is put on law 13.260, commonly referred to as “the anti-terror law”, enacted in 2016. Theoretically my focus is on the applicability of the common notion of counterproductivity as used in the theoretical literature on counterterrorism. Based on data from the Global Terrorism Database I have classified all the confirmed cases of terrorism in Brazil between 1970-2018. Terror attacks from people/organisations with international ties have amounted to 10, and the number of lives claimed in such attacks are 2. In general,the threat of terrorism in Brazil is less acute than in many other countries. What stands out in law 13.260 is that it does not state that actions must be politically motivated in order to be classified as terrorist acts. This is because of the fear that the law could otherwise be targeted towards social movements. Furthermore, the documentation about the law and its background shows that it was the result of pressure from abroad rather than any need perceived among the Brazilian public, politicians, or military. I conclude that Brazil´s counterterrorism legislation is not per se counterproductive, however patterns of Military Police actions used in the past can return and cause it to be so. I also conclude that the notion of counterproductivity was useful for systematising the Brazilian experience in the case study.