Covariant density functional theory (CDFT) is a modern theoretical tool for the description of nuclear structure physics. Here different physical properties of the ground and excited states in atomic nuclei have been investigated within the CDFT framework employing three major classes of the state-of-the-art covariant energy density functionals. The global performance of CEDFs for even-even nuclei are investigated and the systematic theoretical uncertainties are estimated within the set of four CEDFs in known regions of the nuclear chart and their propagation towards the neutron drip line. Large-scale axial relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) calculations are performed for even-even nuclei to calculate different ground state observabvles. The predictions for the two-neutron drip line are also compared in a systematic way with the non-relativistic results. CDFT has been applied for systematic study of extremely deformed, rotating N ∼ Z nuclei of the A ∼ 40 mass region. At spin zero such structures are located at high energies which prevents their experimental observation. The rotation acts as a tool to bring these exotic shapes down to the yrast line so that their observation could become possible with a future generation detectors such as GRETA or AGATA. The major physical observables of such structures, the underlying single-particle structure and the spins at which they become yrast or near yrast are defined. The search for the fingerprints of clusterization and molecular structures is performed and the configurations with such features are discussed. CDFT has been applied to study fission barriers of superheavy nuclei and related systematic theoretical uncertainties in the predictions of inner fission barrier heights in superheavy elements. Systematic uncertainties are substantial in superheavy elements and their behavior as a function of proton and neutron numbers contains a large random component. The benchmarking of the functionals to the experimental data on fission barriers in the actinides allows reduction of the systematic theoretical uncertainties for the inner fission barriers of unknown superheavy elements. However, even then they on average increase when moving away from the region where benchmarking has been performed.

This dissertation applies covariant density functional theory (CDFT), one of the modern theoretical approaches for describing finite nuclei and neutron stars, to investigate the density distribution of nuclei, which is a manifestation of the nodal structure of the single-particle states in physical phenomena, including charge radii and bubbles. A systematic global investigation of differential charge radii has been performed within the CDFT framework for the first time. Available experimental data is compared with theoretical charge radii across the neutron shell closures at N = 28, 50, 82, and 126. Odd-even staggering (OES) in charge radii are believed to be primarily caused by the pairing. Our research proposes a new approach where a considerable contribution to OES in charge radii is provided by the fragmentation of the single-particle content of the ground state in odd-mass nuclei due to particle-vibration coupling. The proton-neutron interaction explained with the nodal structure of the products of the proton and neutron wave functions. However, proton core is responsible for a major contribution to the buildup of differential charge radii. This interaction between protons and neutrons causes a rearrangement of the single-particle density of occupied proton states, which affects the charge radii. According to our microscopic analysis, the shape of the proton potential, the overall proton density, and the energies of the single-particle proton states are all influenced by self-consistency effects, but they have a minimal impact on the differential charge radii. A detailed and microscopic analysis of bubble physics strongly suggests that single-particle processes are primarily responsible for the creation of bubble shapes in superheavy nuclei. The creation of bubble structure is also influenced by nuclear saturation processes and self-consistency effects, and it is dependent on the availability of low-�� single-particle states for occupation since single-particle densities. For the first time, we investigated how nuclear bubbles are formed in the central classically prohibited area at the bottom of the wine bottle potentials, resulting in decreased s state densities at r = 0.

Covariant density functional theory (CDFT) is one of the modern theoretical tools for the description of finite nuclei and neutron stars. Its performance is defined by underlying covariant energy density functionals (CEDFs) which depend on a number of parameters. Several investigations within the CDFT framework using the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) approach are discussed in this dissertation. Statistical errors in ground state observables and single-particle properties of spherical even-even nuclei and their propagation to the limits of nuclear landscape have been investigated in the covariant energy density functionals with nonlinear density dependency. The parametric correlations are studied in different classes of CEDFs; the elimination of these correlations reduces the number of independent parameters to five or six without affecting the performance of CEDFs on a global scale. Moreover, this study reveals the need to include information on deformed nuclei for the improvement of fitting protocols. A new technique for incorporating deformed nuclei data into the fitting protocol is described. Different CEDFs are optimized using this approach, resulting in a significant improvement in the nuclear mass description. A systematic investigation of the ground state and fission properties of even-even actinides and superheavy nuclei with proton numbers Z = 90 - 120 located between the two-proton and two-neutron drip lines has been performed. These results provide a necessary theoretical input for the modeling of the nuclear astrophysical rapid neutron capture process (r-process) taking place in the mergers of neutron stars. The state-of-the-art CEDFs, namely, DD-PC1, DD-ME2, NL3*, and PC-PK1, are employed in this study. Theoretical systematic uncertainties in the physical observables and their evolution as a function of proton and neutron numbers have been quantified and their major sources have been identified. The extension of the nuclear landscape to hyperheavy nuclei is investigated. The transition from ellipsoidal-like nuclear shapes to toroidal shapes is crucial for the potential expansion of the nuclear landscape to hyperheavy nuclei. The physical reasons for the stability of toroidal nuclei in the Z ~ 134 region are discussed.

Covariant density functional theory (CDFT) is one of the modern theoretical tools for describing the nuclear structure physics of finite nuclei. Its performance is defined by underlying covariant energy density functionals (CEDFs). In this dissertation and within the framework of the CDFT, different physical properties of the ground and the excited states of rotating and non-rotating nuclei have been investigated. A systematic global investigation of pairing properties based on all available experimental data on pairing indicators has been performed for the first time in the framework of covariant density functional theory. It is based on separable pairing interaction of Ref.\ \cite{TMR.09}. The optimization of the scaling factors of this interaction to experimental data clearly reveals its isospin dependence in the neutron subsystem. However, the situation is less certain in the proton subsystem since similar accuracy of the description of pairing indicators can be achieved both with isospin-dependent and mass-dependent scaling factors. The differences in the functional dependencies of scaling factors lead to the uncertainties in the prediction of proton and neutron pairing properties which are especially pronounced at high isospin and could have a significant impact on some physical observables. Although the present investigation is based on the NL5(E) covariant energy density functional (CEDF), its general conclusions are expected to be valid also for other CEDFs built at the Hartree level. It is shown for the first time that rotational bands which are proton unbound at zero or low spins can be transformed into proton bound ones at high spin by collective rotation of nuclear systems. This is due to strong Coriolis interaction, which acts on high-$N$ or strongly mixed M orbitals and drives the highest in energy occupied single-particle states of nucleonic configurations into the negative energy domain. Proton emission from such proton bound rotational states is suppressed by the disappearance of static pairing correlations at high spins of interest. These physical mechanisms lead to a substantial extension of the nuclear landscape beyond the spin zero proton drip line. In addition, a new phenomenon of the formation of giant proton halos in rotating nuclei emerges: it is triggered by the occupation of strongly mixed M intruder orbitals. Possible experimental fingerprints of the transition from particle bound to particle unbound part of rotational bands are discussed and compared for proton and neutron rich nuclei near and beyond respective drip lines.

Covariant density functional theory (CDFT) is a modern theoretical tool for the description of nuclear structure phenomena. Different physical observables of the ground and excited states in even-even nuclei have been studied within the CDFT framework employing three major classes of the state-of-the-art covariant energy density functionals. The global assessment of the accuracy of the description of the ground state properties and systematic theoretical uncertainties of atomic nuclei have been investigated. Large-scale axial relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) calculations are performed for all Z < 106 even-even nuclei between the two-proton and two-neutron drip lines. The sources of theoretical uncertainties in the prediction of the two-neutron drip line are analyzed in the framework of CDFT. We concentrate on single-particle and pairing properties as potential sources of these uncertainties. The major source of these uncertainties can be traced back to the differences in the underlying single-particle structure of the various CEDFs. A systematic search for axial octupole deformation in the actinides and superheavy nuclei with proton numbers Z = 88 - 126 and neutron numbers from two-proton drip line up to N = 210 has been performed in CDFT. The nuclei in the Z ~ 96, N ~ 196 region of octupole deformation have been investigated in detail and their systematic uncertainties have been quantified. The structure of superheavy nuclei has been reanalyzed with inclusion of quadrupole deformation. Theoretical uncertainties in the predictions of inner fission barrier heights in superheavy elements have been investigated in a systematic way. The correlations between global description of the ground state properties and nuclear matter properties have been studied. It was concluded that the strict enforcement of the constraints on the nuclear matter properties (NMP) defined in Ref. [1] will not necessary lead to the functionals with good description of ground state properties. The different aspects of the existence and stability of hyperheavy nuclei have been investigated. For the first time, we demonstrate the existence of three regions of spherical hyperheavy nuclei centered around (Z ~ 138, N ~ 230), (Z ~ 156, N ~ 310) and (Z ~ 174, N ~ 410) which are expected to be reasonably stable against spontaneous fission.