Thesis (M.A.)--Butler University, 1986. / "Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History." Includes bibliographical references (leaves [61]-[62]).

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Today, covered wooden highway bridges stand as a reminder of a bygone era in American history. When traveling the lesser known roads of Indiana one may encounter just such a monument to the past. Too many times these historical artifacts are marred by the ravages of time and the destructiveness of vandalism. Yet many of the few remaining structures are now being preserved as historical landmarks by such organizations as local covered bridge societies and various parks departments. Although it is costly to keep these bridges in sound structural condition, it is indeed worthwhile to attempt this preservation of American history in order that we may view firsthand their design and utility. This will lead us to an understanding and appreciation of the bridge builders of Indiana in their successful efforts to cause form to follow function in overcoming the topographical adversities of the natural landscape. Within the following pages, the reader will find the history of covered bridges in Indiana, what the bridges are constructed of and why. Various types of covered bridge structures are examined as there are many diversified styles. Also, this paper looks at the bridge builders from Indiana and the surrounding areas. Finally, this paper examines what is being done today to preserve these historical artifacts.

New legal regulation of covered bonds: Have we reached the European standard? Abstract The subject matter of this thesis is regulation of covered bonds, as a newly introduced category of debt securities in Czech law. The thesis aims to analyse selected aspects of the new regulatory regime through its fundamentals, as well as shortcomings and imperfections of the previous regulatory regime. In order to answer the question of what the European standard is and whether it can be unequivocally determined on the basis of analysis of the relevant European legislation, it also describes basic features of the European regulation. Besides the European Union's point of view, the thesis also reflects the way in which is the issue of proper regulation dealt with at the national level. The thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part defines the term covered bond and provides with a broader context of securities law, including the history of covered bonds. The thesis further identifies the main differences between covered bonds and other debt securities that are closely similar to covered bonds (i.e. secured notes, asset-backed securities and unsecured senior notes). The second part focuses on the European approach towards regulation and further determines four main features of the regulation of covered bonds....

This paper thoroughly examines the production of the thesis film, Covered. Writing, production design, cinematography, editing, sound, technology, workflow, and direction are discussed with attention to how each uniquely contributed to the story. In an effort to objectively critique the finished film, feedback from test audiences will be examined.

This study examines the pattern of stock option time value decay and the implications of the time value decay pattern for option writing strategies. I also consider the returns to various options writing strategies. The central question is whether option writers can utilize a writing strategy that captures the time value of options as revenue to cover their risks and provides return on their investments. Using transaction data, I find that the time value of options that are near-the-money decays at a decreasing rate. The implications of this result are that a significant portion of the time value of near-the-money options decays in the early days of writing an option and the decay slows down as time to expiry approaches. This motivates us to compare over the same holding periods the writing returns of options with long times to expiry with the returns of options with short times to expiry. Overall, the results suggest that trading of options face significant transaction costs and it is mainly motivated by hedging or speculation as I did not find a systematic way to profit from option writing strategies.<p> In addition, I examine the impact of market sentiment on the time value of options. The period of the study includes a sub-period when the general trend in the stock market was positive and another sub-period when the trend was negative. In particular, I study the price of puts relative to the price of calls during these two distinct market periods. I find that during bear markets both call and put options are more expensive than call and put options during bull markets. Yet, the ratio of put premiums to call premiums during rising markets is generally higher than the same ratio during bear markets. This observation suggests that speculators may be the dominant traders in options markets. Overall, I find that option writing strategies are not profitable. One of the reasons for this observation is transaction costs, which are significant in all the strategies that I examine. The bid-ask spread in the options market is large in comparison to the bid-ask spread in the underlying stock market.

This study examines the pattern of stock option time value decay and the implications of the time value decay pattern for option writing strategies. I also consider the returns to various options writing strategies. The central question is whether option writers can utilize a writing strategy that captures the time value of options as revenue to cover their risks and provides return on their investments. Using transaction data, I find that the time value of options that are near-the-money decays at a decreasing rate. The implications of this result are that a significant portion of the time value of near-the-money options decays in the early days of writing an option and the decay slows down as time to expiry approaches. This motivates us to compare over the same holding periods the writing returns of options with long times to expiry with the returns of options with short times to expiry. Overall, the results suggest that trading of options face significant transaction costs and it is mainly motivated by hedging or speculation as I did not find a systematic way to profit from option writing strategies.<p> In addition, I examine the impact of market sentiment on the time value of options. The period of the study includes a sub-period when the general trend in the stock market was positive and another sub-period when the trend was negative. In particular, I study the price of puts relative to the price of calls during these two distinct market periods. I find that during bear markets both call and put options are more expensive than call and put options during bull markets. Yet, the ratio of put premiums to call premiums during rising markets is generally higher than the same ratio during bear markets. This observation suggests that speculators may be the dominant traders in options markets. Overall, I find that option writing strategies are not profitable. One of the reasons for this observation is transaction costs, which are significant in all the strategies that I examine. The bid-ask spread in the options market is large in comparison to the bid-ask spread in the underlying stock market.

Efficient market exist such that financial market make the absence of arbitrage opportunity on intertemporal asset price, There are special existence due to volatility clustering effect provides that the conditional volatility predictor could control, applying on derivative such as option¡Bcurrency exchange¡Bswap¡Bexist possible arbitrage profits ,in this paper involve that forward market efficiency and how to prototype concrete, now we apply parity theory including covered interest parity and uncovered interest parity, then the study of both covered (CIP)and uncovered interest parity (UIP) plus FME are tested in the 30 and 90 forward markets for the NTD/USD exchange rate to examine market efficiency on using GARCH-M,EGARCH models , In the empirical tests, we find the NTS/USD dollar interest rate spread have I(o) property ,Results are provided for interest rate on stationarity indicating that interest differential is stationary ,the result also imply stationary relationship between Taiwan and USA on money policy, Using Taylor(1989) ¡As covered interest arbitrage models, The empirical results show lower positive profit opportunities on NTD or US returns, covered interest parity may hold because NTS/US exchange market after reopening becomes more efficient than market after reopening, the central bank money policy intervention is influential but we test market efficiency hypotheses on basis of Domowitz and Hakkio¡]1985¡^¡As ARCH-M model deeply employing GARCH-M¡BEGARCH models to estimate Risk Premium¡Athen employ Felmingham (2003.2) ¡As regression equation to test forward market efficiency , the empirical results shows that not only CIP¡BUIP theory fail but also Forward Market Efficiency hypotheses cannot hold ,then future spot rates could be predicted by forward rates are worthy of investigate., It may indicate that foreign securities are imperfect substitutes for domestic ones of equivalent maturity and that market participants, implying that there is arbitrage profit opportunity between Taiwan and the USA, there are many arguments to discuss whether forward rates as an unbiased predictor of future spot rate ,Forward Market efficiency give the presence of the time varying premium on different place, Ultimately, therefore, the unbiased nature of forward rates is an empirical, and not a theoretical, issue¡C

The purpose of this study was to map the distribution of till-covered eskers in the inland of Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The top layers of big eskers along the valleys of Öre River, Ume River and Vindel River were investigated through shallow digging. Findings were investigated through field assessment and soil analysis and many locations with till-covered eskers have been identified in Västerbotten's inland in this survey. The till covering the eskers has probably been transported only short distances and has its origins in glacifluvial material. The pattern is not consistent and there are areas where till does not cover the eskers. This can be explained trough irregular till deposition or that the till has been washed away or alternatively that the upper layer that is interpreted as glacifluvial material actually is till that has only been transported for very short distances. The findings of till-covered eskers in Västerbotten means that the traditional view of the eskers originating from the last deglaciation (Weichsel 3) may need to be reviewed. Where overlaying till has been found on top of eskers it means that the eskers must have originated in an earlier glaciation than the last. Only one layer of till could be discerned on the eskers in the survey, so an explanation could be that the till formed during Weichsel 3 and that the eskers formed earlier by the deglaciation of Weichsel 2, but dating the layers in till-covered eskers is difficult. No transition zone between till-covered to not till-covered eskers was found in this study.

<p>Det här arbetet har utförts som ett 30 hp examensarbete för kemiingenjörsutbildning på Karlstads universitet åt Stora Enso, Forshaga. Syftet var att undersöka koronabehandlingens effekt på plastbelagda kartongytor. Frågor som hur effekten minskar under lagringstid, om effekten påverkas av materialets bredd, tjocklek, pigment i plasten samt kylvalsarnas påverkan skulle undersökas.</p><p> </p><p>Största delen i arbetet var att undersöka hur ytenergin på behandlad plastbelagd kartong minskar med tiden och om detta varierar beroende på behandlingsgraden. Resultaten visade som väntat att ytenergin sjunker med tiden och ju högre ytenergin var direkt efter behandlingen desto fortare sjunker den. Direkt efter behandlingen varierade värdena ganska mycket men efter ca en vecka så verkade ytan ha "lugnat sig" (antagligen hade antalet laddningar som fanns på ytan direkt efter behandlingen då minskat). Ytenergin sjunker snabbast under den första månaden och sedan börjar kurvan plana ut. Efter ca två månader är nivån ganska stabil. Vid jämförelse av olika bredder gick det att se små skillnader som visade att breda rullar kräver mindre effekt för att nå ett visst dyntal än vad en smalare rulle gör. Samtidigt gick det att se att rullarna tycks ha något lägre ytenergi i kanten av rullarna än vad de har i mitten, men inte heller här handlar det om några stora skillnader.</p><p> </p><p>Arbetet innefattade även ett test för jämförelse av olika ytvikter på kartongen och det visade sig att ett tjockt material kräver mer energi vid behandlingen än ett tunnare, men skillnaden är liten. Det gick även att se skillnader vid jämförelsen av rullar som belagts med pigmenterad plast och de som belagts med transparent. Polyetylen med pigment i kräver lite högre effekt vid behandlingen för att kunna nå upp till lika hög ytenergi som samma material belagd med transparent plast.</p><p> </p><p>Det sista testet som skulle visa om det finns skillnader mellan matt och blank kylvals visade att olika kylvalsar gav olika ytråhet, men skillnaden mellan valsarna blir större på en ytrå yta än på en slät yta. Det var stora skillnader mellan valsarna om de jämfördes på dekorsidan, men på mer ytråa insidan verkade inte kylvalsen ha lika stor inverkan.</p><p> </p>