The purpose of this paper is to examine the banking industry of Nepal from 2005 to 2010 to track the causes of banking crisis of 2011 using theories of macro-economics and finance as a conceptual starting point. In 2011, several commercial and development banks faced severe liquidity crisis that caused panic in the general public. Banks lost large amount of money in their loan and investment portfolios, which compelled the Government of Nepal to inject liquidity in the market. In the recent past years leading to the banking crisis of 2011, there was rapid change in the size and activity of banking industry. This paper analyzes changes that occurred in the financial market in the period of 2005 to 2010 that triggered the banking crisis. The roles of remittance, credit expansion and asset bubble have been analyzed in terms of their connection to the liquidity crisis.

This thesis analyzes the causes and impacts of recent financial crisis, which originated in the U. S. in 2007. It deals with the theoretical view and the specification of the financial crisis. A significant part is devoted to analyzing the root causes of the emergence of the recent financial crises. Here we find important implications in the functioning and structure of the financial system, in which we see many long-term unhealthy factors which largely contributed to the crisis. The paper also deals with analysis of the financial crisis on the real economy. It analyzes the impact of the crisis on the main macroeconomic indicators in the U. S. and Europe. Here we find an analysis of the measures taken in the U. S. and the EU in order to stabilize the financial sector. Find negative effects of state aid to public debt and government budget deficits.

This thesis deals with the problem of recent financial crisis and possible ways to prevent it from returning in the future. The basic document here deals with the changes made by US government and their comparison with set of laws from the time of the Great Depression. This comparison results into proposal of some further changes. The last part deals with the systematic flaw of credit expansion a offers a solution based on principles of the Austrian school modified to correspond more closely with current system

This thesis analysis the parallel between Japan crises in the 90s and the recent financial crisis, which originated in the United States in 2007. A significant part is devoted to analyzing the root causes of the emergence of the Japan crisis and recent financial crisis. Practical part will focus on analysis of economic cycles of these crises, analysis of price behavior on stock and property market, and finaly on analysis of impact of impact of measures taken on subsequent economic development. Conclusion will seek to answer the question whether the United States expect the same economic development as Japan in the nineties.

The thesis is focused on the analysis of the macroeconomic relationships of the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in 2000 - 2015. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find the main causes of household indebtedness growth and to identify the influence of this process on selected macroeconomic variables. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with money creation, monetary and fiscal policy, the role of money in economic cycles and economic theories of household consumption. The practical part focuses more closely on debt development, its structure and sociodemographic structure of indebted households. The thesis describes the causes of household indebtedness growth, impacts on selected macroeconomic variables, ability of households to meet their financial obligations and, last but not least, international comparisons with selected EU countries. The diploma thesis brings a comprehensive view of the debt of Czech households in the period 2000 - 2015. At the end of the thesis, it explains the main causes and consequences of the growing indebtedness of households, together with the international comparison and the sociodemographic characteristic of indebted households.

Through the study's analysis with background to theories and previous research, it turns out that financial instability is hidden in boom and economic stability. Where causes are speculation, optimism, risk-taking and credit expansion. Minsky (1982a) pointed out, among other things, that high debt ratio increases the risk of financial instability, which is an effect of the lavish lending, partly as a result of global financing. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there was a state of financial instability prior to Sweden's crises, focusing on Sweden's three most recent crises: the financial crisis of 1990, the IT bubble of 2000 and the financial crisis of 2008. The study illustrates how Minsky's financial instability hypothesis that "stability breeds instability" also can explain the emergence of Swedish crises. The result shows that there is a clear link between increased debt before crises. / Genom studiens analys med bakgrund till teorier och tidigare forskning visar det sig att finansiell instabilitet döljer sig i högkonjunktur och ekonomisk stabilitet. Där orsaker som ligger till grund är spekulation, optimism, risktagning och kreditexpansion. Minsky (1982a) pekade bland annat på att hög skuldkvot ökar risken för finansiell instabilitet, något som är en effekt av den frikostiga kreditgivningen, bland annat som en följd av den globala finansieringen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om där funnits ett tillstånd av finansiell instabilitet innan Sveriges kriser, med fokus på Sveriges tre senaste kriser: finanskrisen 1990, it-bubblan 2000 och finanskrisen 2008. Studien åskådliggör hur Minskys finansiella instabilitetshypotes om att "stability breeds instability" även kan förklara uppkomsten av svenska kriser. Resultatet visar på att det finns ett tydligt samband mellan ökad skuldsättning innan kriser.

The aim of this diploma theses is to identify possible causes of rapidly rising household debt in the Czech republic at the beginning of the 21st Century and its impact on macroeconomic aggregate indicators. The theoretical part deals with the credit expansion in economic theory, money creation, effects of changes in money supply, monetary and fiscal policy. The analytical part of the thesis evaluates the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in terms of various indicators, debt structure, reasons of growing household debt and other macroeconomic context. The issue of households debt problems and the ability to repay their obligations is mentioned as well as the comparison with developed economies.

This thesis analyzes the interactions between domestic credit expansion, capital inflows and current account imbalances in a framework of empirical models carried out for Brazil and Turkey. In this context, three vector autoregressive (VAR) models are specified covering the time period between January 2002 and March 2012 for Brazil and 2003 January and 2012 March for Turkey. Real effective exchange rate (REER) and relative yield spreads formed with country specific Embi + indexes are also included in the estimations of the models. The analyses of the models show that capital inflows in these countries trigger the domestic credit expansion which create an upward pressure on import demands and affect current account balances negatively. The results support the implementation of domestic credit tightening policies to reduce the current account imbalances in these countries.

Operation scales of the travel agencies can be giant or tiny in term of sizes. No matter in Taiwan or abroad, most trvel agents are SMEs (small and medium enterprises), while some large-scale foreign or mainland travel agencies are even bigger than ordinary banks or airlines. Travel agents play a role as an important channel for travelers. They collect a considerable huge amount of money from travelers and pay to the suppliers just like a temporary God of Wealth. Airline tickets and tour fares end up to some hundred millions or even some billions of turn over (in total amount counting method) commonly. This is an industry which charges in advance before providing services. In addition to the shorter term of airline credit, six elements of travel - meals, accommodations, transportations, sightseeing, shopping, and entertainments, are allowed routinely credited periodically, especially tours fares often accumulated to an astronomical figures. This sevice industry is quite different from other manufacture suffered from the "inventories" problem, but with something in common, it has a huge amount of outstanding accounts remain unsettled, or even worse to cause the phoenomenon of financial black hole with "assets virtually inflated and liabilities virtually reduced". Several large tours wholesalers in Taiwan went bankruptcy might be owing to these reasons. Even the subsidiary of TUI, the world's largest tours group, outbroke similar news incident in early 2011. It was not singly but in pairs, Reuters reported that Europe's second largest travel company Thomas Cook facing financial crisis in late 2011, were forced to acquire ¢G 2 billion loan from banks to survive in the coming low winter season. A great amount of accumulated money often causes a crisis of credit expansion, if any ambitious entrepreneur seeks to gain more profits from other reinvestments, intends to get real estates, accquitions, mergers, and other risky investments, possibly resulted in large scale damage with both investments and foreign currency exchange losses, when facing an economy downturn or political turmoils. "Financial management" is always the primary course of business running. Emphasis on the "financial problems management" is not just a slogon, and not just to watch bank deposits closely, but also to realize how and what sholuld be seriously paid attention to. Revenue increasing and cost cutting are always the true value of financial management on business development. The differences of corporate finance from time to time are as same as different figures of human pulse, blood presure, or blood suguar that varies at diffent times or in different conditions. Financial management of a company is just like personal health management, such as people in different stages faces different situations and needs. So companies must grasp the pulse of business development in different stages to plan for the future direction. Many companies seek to maximize profits at the same time, yet ignoring the strong managing and decision-guiding functions of financial management. Newspapers and magazines often report how many employees and consumers are impacted by the closing of plants or travel agencies, many of them are wellknown enterprises. Although the global economic downturns, the failure of business diversification or reinvestment hold-up losses and other factors might take the blames. But as the old saying: "There is no sunset industry but only sunset enterprises." How to survive in the harsh environment? We must strengthen to master financial management, through analysis and control of "financial problems management" to generate necessary resources and to cut the costs to enhance the business performance. "The management of financial problems among travel industry" is really the weakest point of this industry. Practical financial management books or informations for travel agencies are not easy to be found in stores or other resources. In past decades we have seen the rotation of rises and falls in the industry, we strongly believe "Accounting and Financial Management" is the basis for all kinds of management. This thesis contains the examples of Phoenix Tours International and other travel agents among Taiwan travel industry. The real experiences of daily practices are the most important contents. I attempt to integrate academic theories into daily practices, a little theoretical but more practical argument, to provide better healthy informations for the industry. Despite the company accounting system, I had also tried to establish a basic financial training material for my management team. Wish all our colleagues will not repeat the same financial errors of their predecessors. Under the guideline of Taiwan Tourism Bureau which is committed to developing tourism with ¡§Vanguard for excellences and piloting for all projects¡¨, I tried to do my best to write down personal experiences and researches knowledge as basic works. Hope to bring up some echoes and brainstormings, to lead a brighter future and better progress for the industry. All the appendixes to this thesis are important references to the main text. Many of them are also my writings in the past. At last, IFRSs regulations will soon be implemented, we have to find out its impacts on the enterprises that should not be underestimated. Not only affect financial and accounting areas, information system, performance reward systems, investor relations, tax and legal aspects will also have significant impacts. IFRSs conversion or convergence may not only be an easy task, but provides an excellent opportunity for companies to re-examine the existing financial strategies, accounting policies, management systems, process efficiencies, risk managements, internal controls, system functions, corporate governances and investor relations practices, such as whether to meet current and future needs, and take this opportunity to enhance their strengths by improving inadequacies.

This thesis deals with the monetary theory of business cycles as presented by the so called Austrian school of economics. It analyzes the different economic effects of investments financed by saving as opposed to investments financed by credit expansion. It shows that in the latter case an unsustainable situation results in which economic actors try both to invest and to consume more at the same time, which is physically impossible. The result is recession and liquidation of malinvestments made during the boom. The thesis also provides an answer to critiques of the Austrian business cycle theory by proponents of the rational expectations hypothesis. Furthermore, a critique of traditional national income accounting measures, namely GDP, is put forward. These measures fail to adequately show the described cyclical changes in the economy's productive structure, e.g. the artificial boom and subsequent correction. Gross domestic revenue (GDR) is proposed as an alternative measure that adds the expenditure on intermediate products back to GDP. In the last part of the thesis GDR is calculated for the Czech economy.