Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 317-324). / The principal focus of this research centres around the question whether parole, as it is understood and practised in South Africa, is a right or a privilege. The essential question of this thesis is whether a prisoner acquires an enforceable right to be released on parole after serving the non-parole period or the statutorily-determined minimum period of imprisonment. The focus is on the status of the prisoner and the process relating to his/her continued incarceration in the period starting from when his or her non-parole period has ended to the actual date of his/her release from prison according to the sentence imposed on him by the sentencing judge/magistrate. In addressing this question in a South African context, reference is made, by way of comparison, to the practice of parole nationally, and internationally, including America, Canada, Australia, India, England and the European continent insofar as it falls under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights.

Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references. / The author questioned why state attorneys, prosecutors and magistrates/judges in South Africa rarely review the compensation concerns of sexual violence complainants and witnesses in criminal sentencing matters, and in quasi-criminal civil forfeiture proceedings, as is frequently done for other classes of complainants (namely, commercial crime complainants and victims of violent crime in general). A conclusion was reached, after conducting extensive research for this thesis, that offender and state compensation processes were sparingly utilized in cases of sexual violence, in part, due to institutional biases that resulted in discrimination. The above finding was substantiated by way of twenty-seven (27) interviews with criminal justice role-players, eight (8) court file case studies and forty-seven (47) victim surveys. The above subject matter is important because failures by criminal justice state role-players to review the compensation concerns of sexual violence victims, on account of biases, causes real harm to these vulnerable complainants. For example, research in this thesis confirmed that state and offender compensation can assist sexual violence complainants with their cultural obligations, court appearances and post-assault health expenses and to pre-empt compensation reviews on account of biases disrupts victims' post assault recoveries. Further, compensation can assist sexual violence complainants with security related expenses, including relocation costs, so as to avoid repeated victimization.

The study is comprised of five chapters, with this as the first and will proceed on the hypothesis that criminalisation of consensual sodomy is unconstitutional and should be invalidated even in the midst of challenges to such a declaration. Chapter two will give comprehensive outline of the offence of carnal knowledge against the order of nature under section 153 of the Code. The ambiguities created by section 153 are analysed in chapter three where a critical discussion on the case of Republic v Steven Monjeza Soko and Tionge Chimbalanga Kachepa will also be made. A constitutional analysis of section 153 (a) and (c) will be done and it will be argued that it impairs the rights to equality, privacy and dignity in a manner that is indefensible. Chapter four will highlight among others, how the requirement of locus standi in constitutional cases is a limitation to the constitutionality challenge of section 153 (a) and (c). It will also show how the current Malawi setup of the appointing judges of the High court by the Chief Justice to sit as a constitutional court is another hindrance to the decriminalisation of the provision. In addition, the possibilities of decriminalising the offence of sodomy will be explored. Chapter five is the concluding remarks and recommendations.

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Includes bibliographical references. / The study is a contextual account of various factors that facilitate and promote the continued dominance of the ‘Number gangs’ prevalent in many (if not most) South African prisons. Even though there is a substantial amount of factors that critically influence and sustain the South African prison gangs, this paper will focus upon a few of these influences. An emergent sentiment from exponents within these gangs, and supporting academic literature both argue that these dominant inmate factions are now adapting their mythical credo so as to remain an informal power-player within the scope of a failing South African prison administration. From a managerial perspective, the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is often found attempting to give meaningful accounts of itself amidst its failed efforts to transform both itself and the South African prison administration. The policy legislation and administration of DCS thus also contribute to prison gang prominence. The study shows that DCS has embraced a policy of harsher penality, although its official position is that it is transforming into an administration that is focused upon human rights. This paper will thus give brief insight into the prison gangs’ organization and operations, and then focus upon various contexts within which the Number gangs continue to be pervasive, especially due to changing prison administrative policy (or lack thereof) and due to new adaptive strategy employed by gangs to make themselves powerbrokers within this contentious penal discourse.

Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references. / Security governance is a salient topic within South Africa, both in public media, discourse and academic literature. Currently, South African government holds a domineering mentality towards security and wishes to monopolize it. Nonetheless, there is a growing call for private security, both by citizens and the business sector in South Africa. Furthermore, private security is a polemic issue with debates around its effects on public good as well as its role within society. This dissertation underlines and addresses these issues. In order to accomplish this, an ethnographic field study was conducted to uncover the situation and the forms and issues that revolve around private security on a ground level, breaking away from the academic cacophony that has saturated the field.

Includes bibliographical references. / In international criminal law, the application of the principle of concurrent jurisdiction necessitates the existence of two types of Courts: a national court and an international one. As a result of the uniqueness of the Rwandan context, there were more courts hearing matters that arose from the genocide.6 In Rwanda, such cases are tried by ‘conventional courts’ and the ‘Gacaca’ courts. Gacaca is defined as a system of transitional participative community justice, whereby the population is given the chance to speak about the committed atrocities, to prosecute, defend, judge and punish the criminals. The conventional courts are divided into ordinary courts and military courts. All these courts have the jurisdiction to prosecute genocide cases. Genocide cases were therefore heard in three different courts domestically but in concurrence with International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). As a result of the particular context of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, particular issues arise and will be explored in this study.

Includes bibliographical references. / All over the world, state police are but one actor within a hybrid policing field involved in the provision of security. Civil society can legitimately come together in either self-help schemes or by means of buying security to deal with feelings of insecurity. An area can therefore be subject to plural policing. This paper is an audit of security interventions implemented to protect learners enrolled at Westbank High School. Westbank High School is a high-risk school. Learners in schools suffer a double-blow because not only do they suffer from crime within the school walls but also outside the school walls. Two general questions emerge in this situation. The first being, what is being done by state and non-state actors about the problem of crime in and around schools? Secondly, how are school children being supported and protected against criminal activity in their respective schools?

Includes bibliographical references. / The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) provides for a close relationship between the International Criminal Court (Court) and the United Nations Security Council (Security Council). This relationship is demonstrated through Security Council exercise of referrals and deferrals. This dissertation discusses first, the Security Council referrals of the situations in Darfur, Sudan and Libya. Second, the Security Council passing of resolutions 1422(2002) and 1487(2003), which deferred the Court from commencing any investigations or prosecuting of any crimes that could have arisen as a result of the United Nations peacekeeping operations. This dissertation argues that the Security Council has exercised referrals and deferrals contrary to the Rome Statute, the Charter of the United Nations (the Charter), and the Negotiated Relationship Agreement between the Court and the Security Council (Relationship Agreement) as envisaged by the drafters of the Rome Statute. It concludes by stating that, the relationship between the Court and the Security Council is at a crossroad because the latter has failed to exercise referrals and deferrals in the manner provided for in the Rome Statute and as envisioned during the drafting of the Rome Statute, thereby equating the Court to the proverbial bark of a toothless dog.