We develop the theory of parton distributions f(_a)(π, k(^t2), μ(^2), unintegrated with respect to transverse momentum k(_t), from a phenomenological standpoint. In particular, we demonstrate a convenient approximation in which the unintegrated functions are obtained by explicitly performing the last step of parton evolution in perturbative QCD, with single-scale functions a(π, Q(^2) as input. Results are presented in the context of DGLAP and combined BFKL-DGLAP evolution, but with angular ordering imposed in the last step of the evolution. We illustrate the application of these unintegrated distributions to predict cross sections for physical processes at lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron colliders. The use of partons with incoming transverse momentum, based on k(_t)-factorisation, is intended to replace phenomenological "smearing" in the perturbative region k(_t) > k(_o) (k(_o) ≈ 1 GeV), and enables the full kinematics of a process to be included even at leading order. We apply our framework to deep inelastic scattering and the fitting of F(_2)(π, Q(^2), to the transverse momentum spectra of prompt photons in hadroproduction and in photoproduction, and to the topical problem of bb production at HERA. Finally, we address the issue of parton-parton recombination (shadowing) at very low values of π, building on recent work by Kovchegov and others to make predictions for the likely magnitude of shadowing effects at the LHC.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 12 Dec 2003. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2111" Bora Mavis. 12/12/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

La thèse a essentiellement été motivée par la volonté croissante de maîtriser les incertitudes des données nucléaires, pour des raisons de sûreté nucléaire. Elle vise en particulier les sections efficaces indispensables aux calculs neutroniques des réacteurs rapides au sodium de Génération IV (RNR-Na), et les moyens permettant de les évaluer.Le principal objectif de la thèse est de fournir et montrer l’intérêt de nouveaux outils permettant de réaliser des évaluations cohérentes, avec des incertitudes maîtrisées et fiables. Pour répondre aux attentes, différentes méthodes ont été implémentées dans le cadre du code CONRAD, développé au CEA de Cadarache, au Département d’Étude des Réacteurs.Après l’état des lieux et la présentation des différents éléments nécessaires pour effectuer une évaluation, il est présenté des résolutions stochastiques de l’inférence Bayésienne. Elles permettent de fournir d’une part, des informations supplémentaires à l’évaluateur par rapport à la résolution analytique et d’autre part, de valider cette dernière. Les algorithmes ont été testés avec succès à travers plusieurs cas, malgré des temps de calcul plus longs faute aux méthodes de type Monte Carlo.Ensuite, ce travail a rendu possible, dans CONRAD, de prendre en compte des contraintes dites microscopiques. Elles sont définies par l’ajout ou le traitement d’informations additionnelles par rapport à l’évaluation traditionnelle. Il a été développé un algorithme basé sur le formalisme des multiplicateurs de Lagrange pour résoudre les problèmes de continuité entre deux domaines en énergies traitées par deux théories différentes. De plus, d’autres approches sont présentées, avec notamment l’utilisation de la marginalisation, permettant soit de compléter une évaluation existante en ajoutant des matrices de covariance, soit de considérer une incertitude systématique pour une expérience décrite par deux théories. Le bon fonctionnement des différentes méthodes implémentées est illustré par des exemples, dont celui de la section efficace totale de l’238U.Enfin, les dernières parties de la thèse se focalisent sur le retour des expériences intégrales, par méthodes d’assimilation de données intégrales. Cela permet de réduire les incertitudes sur les sections efficaces d’intérêt pour les réacteurs rapides. Ce document se clôt par la présentation de quelques résultats clefs sur les sections efficaces de l’238U et du 239Pu, avec la considération d’expériences comme PROFIL et PROFIL-2 dans Phénix ou encore Jezebel. / The thesis has been motivated by a wish to increase the uncertainty knowledge on nuclear data, for safety criteria. It aims the cross sections required by core calculation for sodium fast reactors (SFR), and new tools to evaluate its.The main objective of this work is to provide new tools in order to create coherent evaluated files, with reliable and mastered uncertainties. To answer those problematic, several methods have been implemented within the CONRAD code, which is developed at CEA of Cadarache.After a summary of all the elements required to understand the evaluation world, stochastic methods are presented in order to solve the Bayesian inference. They give the evaluator more information about probability density and they also can be used as validation tools. The algorithms have been successfully tested, despite long calculation time.Then, microscopic constraints have been implemented in CONRAD. They are defined as new information that should be taken into account during the evaluation process. An algorithm has been developed in order to solve, for example, continuity issues between two energy domains, with the Lagrange multiplier formalism. Another method is given by using a marginalization procedure, in order to either complete an existing evaluation with new covariance or add systematic uncertainty on an experiment described by two theories. The algorithms are well performed along examples, such the 238U total cross section.The last parts focus on the integral data feedback, using methods of integral data assimilation to reduce the uncertainties on cross sections. This work ends with uncertainty reduction on key nuclear reactions, such the capture and fission cross sections of 238U and 239Pu, thanks to PROFIL and PROFIL-2 experiments in Phénix and the Jezebel benchmark.

Les critères de sûreté exigés pour les réacteurs rapides au sodium de Generation IV (RNR-Na) se traduisent par la nécessité d'incertitudes réduites et maîtrisées sur les grandeurs neutroniques d'intérêt. Une part de ces incertitudes provient des données nucléaires et, dans le cas des RNR-Na, des données nucléaires du sodium, qui présentent des différences significatives entre les bibliothèques internationales (JEFF-3.1.1, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-4.0). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la connaissance sur les données nucléaires du sodium afin de mieux calculer les paramètres neutroniques des RNR-Na et fournir des incertitudes fiables. Après un état des lieux des présentes données du Na23, l'impact des différences est quantifié notamment sur les effets en réactivité de vidange du sodium, calculés avec des outils neutroniques déterministe et stochastique. Les résultats montrent qu'il est nécessaire de ré-évaluer entièrement les données nucléaires du sodium. Plusieurs développements ont été effectués dans le code d'évaluation Conrad, pour intégrer de nouveaux modèles de réactions nucléaires et leurs paramètres ainsi que pour permettre de procéder à des ajustements avec des mesures intégrales. Suite à ces développements, l'analyse des données différentielles et la propagation des incertitudes expérimentales avec Conrad ont été réalisées. Le domaine des résonances résolues a été étendu à 2 MeV et le domaine du continuum débute directement au-delà de cette énergie. Une nouvelle évaluation du Na23 et les matrices de covariances multigroupes associées ont été générées pour de futurs calculs d'incertitudes. La dernière partie de la thèse se focalise sur le retour des expériences intégrales de vidange du sodium, par des méthodes d'assimilation de données intégrales, afin de réduire les incertitudes sur les sections efficaces du sodium. Ce document se clôt sur des calculs d'incertitudes pour des RNR-Na de type industriel, qui montrent une meilleure prédiction de leurs paramètres neutroniques avec la nouvelle évaluation. / The safety criteria to be met for Generation IV sodium fast reactors (SFR) require reduced and mastered uncertainties on neutronic quantities of interest. Part of these uncertainties come from nuclear data and, in the particular case of SFR, from sodium nuclear data, which show significant differences between available international libraries (JEFF-3.1.1, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-4.0). The objective of this work is to improve the knowledge on sodium nuclear data for a better calculation of SFR neutronic parameters and reliable associated uncertainties. After an overview of existing Na23 data, the impact of the differences is quantified, particularly on sodium void reactivity effets, with both deterministic and stochastic neutronic codes. Results show that it is necessary to completely re-evaluate sodium nuclear data. Several developments have been made in the evaluation code Conrad, to integrate new nuclear reactions models and their associated parameters and to perform adjustments with integral measurements. Following these developments, the analysis of differential data and the experimental uncertainties propagation have been performed with Conrad. The resolved resonances range has been extended up to 2 MeV and the continuum range begins directly beyond this energy. A new Na23 evaluation and the associated multigroup covariances matrices were generated for future uncertainties calculations. The last part of this work focuses on the sodium void integral data feedback, using methods of integral data assimilation to reduce the uncertainties on sodium cross sections. This work ends with uncertainty calculations for industrial-like SFR, which show an improved prediction of their neutronic parameters with the new evaluation.

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Foram realizadas medidas do alinhamento atômico do Ta, W e Au depois da ionização da subcamada L3 desses elementos por impacto de elétrons, via distribuição angular das linhas de raios x L, empregando alvos finos. As medições foram realizadas na linha de feixe de 10100 keV do Microtron de São Paulo. Os alvos foram confeccionados no Laboratório de Filmes Finos, pela técnica de deposição física de vapor (alvo de Au), e no Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos, pela técnica de sputtering (alvos de Ta e W), enquanto que a caracterização deles foi realizada no Laboratório de Materiais e Feixes Iônicos, pela técnica de espectrometria de retroespalhamento Rutherford. O Microtron de São Paulo, bem como os laboratórios onde os alvos foram confeccionados e caracterizados, estão no Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo. Os raios x decorrentes da ionização dos alvos foram detetados simultaneamente por três Silicon Drift Detectors localizados a 31°, 90° e 125° com relação à direção do feixe incidente. A determinação da eficiência de pico dos detetores foi realizada com um modelo analítico testado separadamente. As intensidades das linhas do multipleto de raios x L foram ajustadas em um único procedimento empregando funções Voigt para descrevê-las. O parâmetro de alinhamento A20 foi estimado a partir do conjunto de intensidades das linhas Ll, L1 e L2. A fim de comparar os resultados experimentais com as previsões teóricas foi calculado o parâmetro de alinhamento com a aproximação de Born de ondas planas não relativística, empregando as aproximações de HartreeSlater e DiracHartreeSlater para descrever os potenciais atômicos. Os resultados experimentais confirmaram a emissão não isotrópica dos raios x decorrentes de vacâncias preenchidas na subcamada L3, sendo que a magnitude desta anisotropia varia com a energia do feixe de elétrons incidente. Além disso, foram observadas anisotropias de sinais opostos para as linhas L1 e L2. A dependência em energia do parâmetro de alinhamento A20 mostra uma queda rápida de A20, com duas inversões de sinal, uma em torno de 2 E/E(L3) e outra em torno de 8 E/E(L3), e um valor não nulo de alinhamento em torno de 10 E/E(L3), para os três elementos estudados. A comparação dos resultados experimentais com os cálculos realizados mostra um bom acordo ate cerca de 5 E/E(L3) para o feixe de elétrons incidente, a partir deste ponto o experimento evidencia uma segunda inversão no sinal de A20, que não é prevista por essa teoria. Este é, a nosso saber, o primeiro trabalho a quantificar o alinhamento atômico na ionização de átomos pesados por impacto de elétrons, via distribuição angular de raios x na faixa de 1 a 10 E/E(L3). / Measurements of the atomic alignment of Ta, W and Au after the ionization of the L3 subshell of these elements were performed by electron impact via the angular distribution of x-ray lines employing thin targets. The targets were made in the Laboratório de Filmes Finos, by the technique of physical vapor deposition (Au target), and in the Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos, by the sputtering technique (Ta and W targets), while their characterization was performed in the Laboratório de Materiais e Feixes Iônicos, by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. The Microtron of São Paulo, as well as the laboratories where the targets were made and characterized, are placed at Instituto de Física of the Universidade de São Paulo. The x-rays from the ionization of the targets were detected simultaneously by three Silicon Drift Detectors placed at 31°, 90° and 125° with respect to the direction of the incident beam. The determination of the full energy peak efficiency of the detectors was performed with an analytical model previously tested. In the data analysis the L x-ray multiplet lines were fitted in a single procedure employing Voigt functions to describe them, and the Ll, L1 and L2 lines were employed simultaneously in the estimation of the alignment parameter A20. In order to compare the experimental results with the theoretical predictions, the alignment parameter was calculated with the non-relativistic plane-wave Born approximation using HartreeSlater and DiracHartreeSlater atomic potentials. The experimental results confirmed the nonisotropic emission of x-rays from filled vacancies in the L3 subshell, with the magnitude of this anisotropy varying with the energy of the incident electron beam. In addition, anisotropies of opposite signs were observed for the L1 and L2 lines. The energy dependence of the alignment parameter A20 shows a sharp fall of A20, with two sign inversions, one around 2 E/E(L3) and another around 8 E/E(L3), and a non-zero alignment value around 10 E/E(L3), for the three studied elements. Comparison of the experimental results with the performed calculations shows a good agreement up to about 5 E/E(L3) for the incident electron beam, from which the experiment evidences a second inversion in the sign of A20, which is not predicted by this theory. This is, to our knowledge, the first work to quantify the atomic alignment in the ionization of heavy atoms by electron impact, via an angular distribution of x-rays in the interval from 1 to 10 E/E(L3).

Alvos naturais de Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Ti, Ni e Zr foram irradiados com prótons e as seções de choque para várias reações nucleares foram determinadas a energias inferiores a 30 MeV. As irradiações foram efetuadas nos ciclotrons CV-28 e CYCLONE 30 do IPEN, que possuem energia nominal de 24 e 30 MeV, respectivamente. O feixe de prótons foi monitorado por meio de lâminas de Cu ou a partir da formação de nuclídeos na própria amostra com seção de choque conhecida para as energias utilizadas. Especial interesse foi dedicado às reações raras di tipo (p, 2alfa) e (p, ANTPOT.3 H) das quais existem, em geral, poucos dados publicados, principalmente para energias próximas do limiar. A determinação da seção de choque foi realizada a partir da medida da atividade residual dos produtos pelo método de espectroscopia gama simples. Um detector HPG com resolução menor que 2 keV foi utilizado. Devido ao valor reduzido da seção de choque das reações de interesse no intervalo de energia considerado, uma análise estatística cuidadosa dos dado foi necessária. Em áreas reduzidas dos picos detectados precisaram da quantificação, em alguns casos, da contribuição de nuclídeos formados na própria amostra por outras reações, a partir de impurezas ou provenientes do fundo radioativo. Entre os produtos obtidos encontram-se os nuclídeos ANTPOT.22 Na, ANTPOT.26 Al, ANTPOT.44 Ti, e ANTPOT.54 Mn. A detecção de ANTPOT.26 Al nas amostras de Al e Si, permitiu estimar os limites do método proposto para o estudo de reações raras de interesse astrofísico. No total, são apresentados neste trabalho 72 valores de seção de choque. Desse total, 21 dados são apresentados pela primeira vez ou foram obtidos pela primeira vez pelo método proposto ou às energias estudadas. Os resultados mais importantes referem-se às reações ANTPOT.29 Si(p, 2alfa)ANTPOT.22 Na,ANTPOT.53 Cr(p, 2alfa)ANTPOT.46 Sc, ANTPOT.46 Ti(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.44 Ti, )ANTPOT.58 Ni(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.56 Ni e ANTPOT.90 Zr(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.88 Zr. Os resultados foram comparados com valores publicados na literatura e com o resultado do cálculo realizado a partir de modelos teóricos conhecidos, permitindo a obtenção de conclusões relativas ao método experimental, assim como aos mecanismos da reação envolvidos. / Natural targets of Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Ti, Ni and Zr were irradiated with protons and the cross section for several reactions were determined for incident energies up to 30 MeV. The irradiations were performed at the CV-28 and CYCLONE 30 cyclotrons from the IPEN, which have nominal energies of 24 and 30 MeV, respectively. The protons beams were monitored by copper foils or by the nuclide formation in the irradiated targets with known cross sections for the used energy. Special interest was dedicated to rare reactions of the (p, 2alfa) and (p, ANTPOT.3 H) kind, from which we have a few published data, mainly for energies near the threshold. The cross section determination was accomplished by the residual actives measurement of the reaction products by the simple gamma spectroscopy method using an HPGe detector with resolution better than 2 keV. Due to the low value of the cross section for the considered reaction, a careful statistical analysis of the obtained data was needed. The small areas of the detected peaks required the quantification of the contributions of nuclides produced by others reactions, from contaminants or from the radioactive background. Among others, the ANTPOT.22 Na, ANTPOT.26 Al, ANTPOT.44 Ti and ANTPOT.54 Mn products have been detected. The detection of ANTPOT.26 Al in the Al and Si targets allow the estimation of the limits of the proposed method for the study of astrophysical interest reaction. In total, 72 cross section values are being presented. Out of this amount, 21 are being presented for the first time or have been obtained for the first time by the method or for the studied energies. The most important results refer to the ANTPOT.29 Si(p, 2gamma)²²Na, ANTPOT.53 Cr(p, 2gamma)ANTPOT.46 Sc, ANTPOT.46 Ti(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.44 Ti, ANTPOT.58 Ni(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.56 Ni and ANTPOT.90 Zr(p, ANTPOT.3 H)ANTPOT.88 Zr reactions. The results have been compared to published vales and calculations using known theoretical models, allowing the achievement of conclusions related to the experimental method, as well as the reaction mechanism involved.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta a realização de experimentos no reator nuclear IPEN/MB-01 submetido à presença de um refletor com água pesada instalado na sua face oeste. Após a instalação do refletor no reator foram conduzidos três tipos de experimentos: A calibração das barras de controle, a verificação da influência do aumento da temperatura do moderador na reatividade e a medição das taxas de reações por meio da irradiação de fios e folhas de ativação. Devido às propriedades nucleares de interação de nêutrons com água pesada, notadamente sua elevada capacidade de espalhamento e sua baixa capacidade de absorção, é possível notar alterações no funcionamento do reator observadas pelas mudanças dos padrões de retiradas e inserções de barras de controle no núcleo. Essas alterações são apresentadas no decorrer do trabalho. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP