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A economia mundial é fortemente dependente da disponibilidade de óleo, no entanto as reservas de óleo leve, mais atrativas ao mercado, tendem nos próximos anos ao esgotamento, trazendo à luz as reservas de óleo pesado para atender as demandas do mercado. No entanto, os processos associados ao transporte e processamento desses óleos viscosos consomem muita energia, impondo um grande desafio para a indústria do petróleo. Nesse contexto, se transportar óleos viscosos com água através de um escoamento bifásico em padrão Core Annular Flow (CAF) é muito promissor. Nessa prática, uma película anular de água envolve o núcleo que contém o óleo, minimizando o contato entre este e a parede do duto e reduzindo as perdas de energia por atrito. Visou o presente estudo mapear os padrões de escoamento de óleo pesado com água em dutos horizontais e verticais, mensurar os fatores de redução de potência e do diferencial de pressão associados à um trecho reto e à uma válvula de gaveta aberta e determinar o holdup para avaliar a eficiência do CAF. Para atingir esses objetivos, uma unidade de bancada foi construída, consistindo de tanques de armazenamento e de separação da mistura. Interligando os tanques, foram dispostos dutos transparentes com 27 mm de diâmetro interno e 8 m de extensão, contendo duas seções horizontais e uma vertical para análise e diversos acessórios hidráulicos. O óleo utilizado possuía viscosidade de 3200 cP a 22 °C e densidade de 945 kg/m3 . Os resultados experimentais demonstraram haver diversas configurações de fluxo segundo o posicionamento do duto, e que a diferença de densidade dos fluidos descentraliza o óleo nos escoamentos horizontais. Além disso, o trecho vertical intercalado entre os trechos horizontais se comportou como um retificador de fluxo, melhorando os índices do CAF. Foi determinado um fator de redução de perda de pressão máximo de 250 vezes para o trecho reto e de 12 vezes para a válvula de gaveta. O fator global máximo de redução de potência foi mensurado em 2,2 vezes. Concluiu-se que, para um trecho reto, o projeto de instalações hidráulicas para o escoamento bifásico deve considerar 15 % a mais de perda de carga em relação ao escoamento de água pura. Já para a válvula de gaveta, esse fator deve ser de 700 %. / The world economy is strongly dependent on the availability of oil, however, light oil reserves, more market-oriented, tend to deplete in coming years, bringing to light the heavy oil reserves to meet the demands of the market. However, the processes associated with the transportation and production of these viscous oils consume a lot of energy and pose a great challenge for the oil industry. In this context, transporting viscous oils through a liquid-liquid two-phase oil-water flow in a core annular pattern (CAF) is very promising. In this method, an annular water film surrounds the oil-containing core, minimizing its contact with the pipe wall and reducing energy losses by friction. The aim of the present work was to map the flow patterns of a biphasic oil-water flow in horizontal and vertical pipes, to evaluate the overall energy savings provided by the CAF technique, to measure the pressure gradient reduction factor along the pipe and in a gate valve and to determine the holdup as a way of assessing the energy efficiency of the biphasic oil-water flow transport. To achieve these goals, an experimental facility was built and it consisted of cargo and separation tanks. Connecting these tanks, approximately 8 m of 27mm-ID clear transparent PVC pipes, two horizontal and one vertical sections and various hydraulic fittings. It was used in the tests lubricating oil with 3200 cP and 945 kg/m3 at 22°C and distilled water. The experimental results showed that there are several flow configurations according to the pipe positioning, and that the oil and the water density difference decentralizes the oil core in horizontal flows. In addition, the vertical section placed between the two horizontal ones behaved like a flow rectifier, improving the core annular flow energy savings basis. An average pressure gradient reduction factor of 250 times in a straight pipe and of 12 times in a gate valve was determined. The maximum overall power reduction factor was measured as being 2.2 times. It was concluded that the design of a hydraulic installation to transport heavy oil with water in a core annular pattern should consider a pressure drop increase by a factor of 15 % in a straight pipe and by a factor of 700 % in a gate valve based on the monophasic water transport at similar flow rates.

A economia mundial é fortemente dependente da disponibilidade de óleo, no entanto as reservas de óleo leve, mais atrativas ao mercado, tendem nos próximos anos ao esgotamento, trazendo à luz as reservas de óleo pesado para atender as demandas do mercado. No entanto, os processos associados ao transporte e processamento desses óleos viscosos consomem muita energia, impondo um grande desafio para a indústria do petróleo. Nesse contexto, se transportar óleos viscosos com água através de um escoamento bifásico em padrão Core Annular Flow (CAF) é muito promissor. Nessa prática, uma película anular de água envolve o núcleo que contém o óleo, minimizando o contato entre este e a parede do duto e reduzindo as perdas de energia por atrito. Visou o presente estudo mapear os padrões de escoamento de óleo pesado com água em dutos horizontais e verticais, mensurar os fatores de redução de potência e do diferencial de pressão associados à um trecho reto e à uma válvula de gaveta aberta e determinar o holdup para avaliar a eficiência do CAF. Para atingir esses objetivos, uma unidade de bancada foi construída, consistindo de tanques de armazenamento e de separação da mistura. Interligando os tanques, foram dispostos dutos transparentes com 27 mm de diâmetro interno e 8 m de extensão, contendo duas seções horizontais e uma vertical para análise e diversos acessórios hidráulicos. O óleo utilizado possuía viscosidade de 3200 cP a 22 °C e densidade de 945 kg/m3 . Os resultados experimentais demonstraram haver diversas configurações de fluxo segundo o posicionamento do duto, e que a diferença de densidade dos fluidos descentraliza o óleo nos escoamentos horizontais. Além disso, o trecho vertical intercalado entre os trechos horizontais se comportou como um retificador de fluxo, melhorando os índices do CAF. Foi determinado um fator de redução de perda de pressão máximo de 250 vezes para o trecho reto e de 12 vezes para a válvula de gaveta. O fator global máximo de redução de potência foi mensurado em 2,2 vezes. Concluiu-se que, para um trecho reto, o projeto de instalações hidráulicas para o escoamento bifásico deve considerar 15 % a mais de perda de carga em relação ao escoamento de água pura. Já para a válvula de gaveta, esse fator deve ser de 700 %. / The world economy is strongly dependent on the availability of oil, however, light oil reserves, more market-oriented, tend to deplete in coming years, bringing to light the heavy oil reserves to meet the demands of the market. However, the processes associated with the transportation and production of these viscous oils consume a lot of energy and pose a great challenge for the oil industry. In this context, transporting viscous oils through a liquid-liquid two-phase oil-water flow in a core annular pattern (CAF) is very promising. In this method, an annular water film surrounds the oil-containing core, minimizing its contact with the pipe wall and reducing energy losses by friction. The aim of the present work was to map the flow patterns of a biphasic oil-water flow in horizontal and vertical pipes, to evaluate the overall energy savings provided by the CAF technique, to measure the pressure gradient reduction factor along the pipe and in a gate valve and to determine the holdup as a way of assessing the energy efficiency of the biphasic oil-water flow transport. To achieve these goals, an experimental facility was built and it consisted of cargo and separation tanks. Connecting these tanks, approximately 8 m of 27mm-ID clear transparent PVC pipes, two horizontal and one vertical sections and various hydraulic fittings. It was used in the tests lubricating oil with 3200 cP and 945 kg/m3 at 22°C and distilled water. The experimental results showed that there are several flow configurations according to the pipe positioning, and that the oil and the water density difference decentralizes the oil core in horizontal flows. In addition, the vertical section placed between the two horizontal ones behaved like a flow rectifier, improving the core annular flow energy savings basis. An average pressure gradient reduction factor of 250 times in a straight pipe and of 12 times in a gate valve was determined. The maximum overall power reduction factor was measured as being 2.2 times. It was concluded that the design of a hydraulic installation to transport heavy oil with water in a core annular pattern should consider a pressure drop increase by a factor of 15 % in a straight pipe and by a factor of 700 % in a gate valve based on the monophasic water transport at similar flow rates.

Cette thèse étudie des systèmes locaux de gestion de transfert de pétrole ayant une architecture de réseau de canalisation. Pour leur représentativité, deux systèmes localisés au Venezuela et appartenant à l'entreprise PDVSA (Pétroles du Venezuela) ont été retenus pour illustrer les méthodes proposées et les valider : le Terminal Maritime de Pétrole de Guaraguao et le Centre de Stockage de Punta de Palmas. Dans ces réseaux des connexions, appelées « alignements », sont établies en ouvrant/fermant des vannes à travers d'un système SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). Le choix d'un alignement doit tenir compte de critères d'optimisation. La minimisation des interférences avec d'autres alignements, liée à la notion de capacité opérative, a été identifiée comme le critère de choix le plus important. Les contributions de cette thèse reposent sur une modélisation sous forme de graphes, et sur des algorithmes appartenant au domaine de la recherche opérationnelle. Elles contribuent à fournir aux opérateurs de supervision des outils d'analyse permettant d'optimiser le choix des alignements. Des indicateurs permettant de quantifier l'impact des opérations d'alignement ou des défaillances, sur la capacité opérative du système, sont proposés. La minimisation de l'impact sur la capacité opérative, va correspondre à la minimisation des interférences avec des alignements potentiels. Un algorithme de calcul de ces indicateurs, est présenté, ainsi que des algorithmes de recherche de chemin, de détermination d'éléments critiques, et de recherche d'alignements utilisant des pompes. Ces algorithmes sont basés sur des algorithmes classiques s'adressant au problème du plus court chemin, du flot maximum et du nombre maximum de chemins disjoints. Cependant, ils utilisent des méthodes innovantes, comme l'ajout de contraintes considérant l'existence de sous-types d'alignements, le calcul dynamique des coûts des chemins à partir de son impact sur la capacité opérative, et la recherche de chemins via un point intermédiaire obligatoire. Les contributions sont potentiellement applicables dans des domaines autres que le transport de pétrole. Les algorithmes ont été mis en œuvre en utilisant le langage Python et ont été testés en utilisant les données réelles des réseaux étudiés. L'objectif à moyen terme de ces travaux est le développement d'un logiciel d'assistance à la prise de décision. / This thesis studies local crude oil transportation systems with a pipe network architecture. Two representative systems, belonging to PDVSA (Venezuelan oil company), have been studied: the Guaraguao Crude Oil Seaport and the Punta de Palmas Tanks Yard. In this systems, connections, called "alignments", are established by opening/closing valves using a SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. Alignment choice is made based on optimization criteria. Interferences minimization with other alignments, related to the notion of operative capacity, has been identified as the most important criterion. The contributions of this thesis are based on graph modelling and algorithms from operational research. The main goal is to provide analysis tools allowing alignment choice optimization. Indexes permitting the quantification of alignments or failures impact on the operative capacity of the system are proposed. Minimizing the impact on the operative capacity will correspond to minimizing interferences with potential alignments. An algorithm computing these indexes is presented, as well as complementary developments such as a path search algorithm, an algorithm for critical elements determination, and algorithm for alignments using pumps. These algorithms are based on classical algorithms for the shortest path problem, the maximum flow problem and the maximum disjoint paths problem. However, they use innovative methods such as adding constraints when considering alignment sub-types, the dynamic computation of path costs based on their impact on operative capacity, and path search considering an obligatory intermediate node. These contributions can potentially be applied in areas other than oil transportation. The algorithms had been implemented in Python and had been tested using real data from the studied systems. The middle term goal of these works is the development of assistance software for decision making.