Isopoda are crustaceans which possess seven pairs of legs of about equal size, are flattened dorsoventrally and have no carapace. The thoracic limbs are without exopodites, pleopods are modified for respiration and the antennual exopodite is absent or minute. The isopods are a large group and exhibit much variety. They vary in size from two or three millimeters to several centimeters. A giant deep-sea form, Bathynomus giganteus, from the Gulf of Mexico and Indian Ocean, attains a length of 30 cm. and width of about 10 cc. The natural habitat of isopods is in salt and fresh water or in moist situations in the case of most terrestrial forms. They have been found in warm springs and subterranean streams (Richardson, 1905). [...]

For the largely immature population of crabs studied no difference in length weight relationships could be detected between males and females unless fresh weight was used for comparison. Females and immature males showed isometric growth throughout their life while mature males showed allometric growth. The use of length, fresh weight, dry weight and ash-free dry weight for the basis of comparative metabolic studies is discussed. Oxygen consumption rate was found to be related to the 0.799 power of body dry weight or ash-free dry weight for both males and females and resting and active rates. Scope for activity was constant at 3.7 across the entire body weight range. A marked diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption rate was found, the exact form of which depended on season being bi-modal in short day length and uni-modal in long day length. The beat rates of heart and scaphognathite were found to show a high degree of correlation throughout all phases of the daily cycle. A typical short period rhythm of beat rates is shown during the resting phase. Ventilation volume showed a linear relationship with scaphognathite beat rate up to active rates of pumping. Above this ventilation efficiency was impaired. The short period rhythm had a period of almost exactly twenty minutes, and was divided into three phases, the high-rate, the low-rate and the changing phase. In order to conserve metabolic stores, the duration of the low-rate phase is increased, at the expense of the level and duration of the high-rate phase, with increasing starvation. Percentage utilisation of oxygen was at its highest during the high-rate phase (40 - 42%) and it appears that efficient oxygen exchange is limited to the rates of pumping of the active phase. Possible functions for the short period rhythm are discussed in the light of this observation. Haemocyanin was more or less absent from the local population of Cancer but not Carcinus and Portunus. Reasons for this are discussed. A new method for measurement of haemocyanin oxygen capacity was used. Effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood was low due to the lack of haemocyanin, but effectiveness of oxygen removal from the ventilatory water was high due to a decrease in ventilation:perfusion ratio. Ventilation:perfusion ratio did not change greatly with increased starvation. The physiological significance of these measurements is discussed.

The use of wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) as cleaner fish to combat infections with the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann) (sea-lice) in the culture of Salmo salar L. (Atlantic salmon) is now common. Infections with these parasites has caused considerable losses in the industry since its formative years. The use of the wrasse species Ctenolabrus rupestris (L. ) (goldsinny), Centrolabrus exoletus (L. ) (rockcook), Symphodus melops (= Crenilabrus melops) (L. ) (corkwing) and Labrus mixtus L. (cuckoo) as cleaner fish was first suggested in 1988. The use of these species in the industry is now widespread in Scotland, Ireland and Norway. The fish used are normally caught from the wild before being stocked with S. salar smolts during their first year at sea. The fish are routinely collected from waters close to the farm sites to be stocked. As most of the S. salar sea production sites in Scotland are located on the west coast of the country, the wrasse to be used in these sites are normally collected from these waters. The movement of wild fish into farm pens presents a risk of disease transfer from wrasse to S. salar and vice versa. Prior to their use as cleaner fish, these four species of wrasse had received little attention as subjects of scientific study. As a result, there was very little information available in the literature regarding their diseases. The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential pathogens present in wild populations in Scottish coastal waters, and, in particular, which of these pathogens, if any, could be transmitted to the S. salar. The study also investigated the susceptibility of wrasse to the two major viral diseases of S. salar to which they would be exposed in pens. In order to fully assess the pathogenicity of the potential disease agents under farm conditions, it was first necessary to establish the normal morphology of the wrasse species. Hence, a study of the morphological features of wrasse, with particular emphasis on those features important in the health of the fish was undertaken. Wrasse were shown to differ in many aspects from salmonids but shared many morphological features with other perciforme fish. Major differences from salmonids were evident in the skin, fins, pancreas, intestine, gonads and heart. There were also aspects of their morphology which differed from other perciforme fish, notably the structure of the heart. These features were regarded to be adaptations to the specific demands of their feeding strategies and habitats. This study was the first of its kind undertaken for wrasse and showed some early contraindications for the use of wrasse in culture; most notable was the marked lipid accumulation in, and resultant degeneration of, the liver resulting from the consumption of high energy S. salar feeds. Once the normal morphological features were established, it was possible to examine the disease status of wrasse. Wild fish were sampled from three different locations on the west coast of Scotland. These sites were all geographically distinct and were all used as sources of wrasse for the S. salar farming industry. Samples of wrasse were also obtained from farm sites supplied with wrasse from these wild sites, and an additional number of other geographically distinct farm locations. As a comparison wrasse were also obtained from a wrasse captive breeding facility and another captive location unrelated to the S. salar industry, a public aquarium. The fish from all of these sampling sites were examined fully for the presence of parasites, bacteria and, in some cases, viruses. Histological examination was also carried out on all of the fish studied. A total of 24 new parasite host records, and two tentative ones, were recorded from the four wrasse species studied. These new parasite records included protozoa, digeneans, nematodes and crustacea. Parasite infections were found to vary in prevalence, abundance and intensity in respect to the geographical characteristics of sampling sites and also the length of time spent in S. salar pens. It was concluded that the separation of wrasse from their natural diet and habitat influenced the degree of parasitism. None of the parasites found to infect wrasse were observed to cause any significant pathology in their hosts other than localised tissue responses. The possibility of transfer of wrasse parasites to S. salar was also investigated experimentally in a series of infections in which parasites dissected from wrasse were introduced to S. salar smolts by means of a novel gavage method. None of the parasites used established in the S. salar, indicating that there is little risk of transfaunation of parasites between wrasse and S. salar. However, this aspect requires further work due to the low number of parasites available and the subsequent low numbers of S. salar infected. Bacterial isolates were obtained from wrasse held in S. salar pens but were not found in any of the fish collected from the wild. Most of the bacterial strains isolated would normally be considered as opportunistic pathogens of fish. It was concluded that the relatively high levels of stress, both environmental and physical, that wrasse are subjected to under farm conditions were instrumental in the number of bacterial infections seen in wrasse. Only one pathogenic bacterial infection was seen in any of the fish sampled. This was an isolate of Aeromonas salmonicida, the agent known to cause the disease furunculosis, isolated from a wrasse obtained from one of the farm samples. Other authors have reported that this bacterium has already caused substantial losses of wrasse under farm conditions. It was concluded that Aeromonas salmonicida will prove to be a major pathogen of wrasse held in S. salar pens. No viruses wereI isolated from any of the wrasse studied. The susceptibility of wrasse to the most significant pathogens of S. salar under farm conditions was also subjected to investigation. In addition to sea-lice infection, the industry lists Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) and Pancreas Disease (PD) as of primary importance for further research. Both of these diseases cause substantial losses in the industry. The susceptibility of wrasse to both of these disease conditions was investigated by means of experimental infections. In the case of IPN wrasse were infected by bathing with two different infective doses, a low dose which would be expected to induce the disease in S. salar parr and a second dose substantially higher than the first. The C. rupestris used were found to be susceptible to IPN. The wrasse developed some of the pathological characteristics typical of the disease in S. salar, however, other pathological signs were peculiar to wrasse. The recovery rate from the disease seen in wrasse was far more rapid than that recorded from S. salar. Shedding of the virus in the faeces of infected C. rupestris was also demonstrated. This study has illustrated for the first time the susceptibility of wrasse to IPN and that they can shed the virus in their faeces. This suggests that infected wrasse could be a source of continual reinfection in an affected sea site. Experimental infections of C. rupestris with PD followed a standard protocol for the reproduction of the disease in S. salar. Infection was by means of intraperitoneal injection with putatively infective material obtained from S. salar affected with PD. Two infection doses were used, the lowest dose used had been proven to be effective in inducing the disease in S. salar parr while the second dose, ten times higher than the first, had been shown to be effective in reproducing PD in S. salar smolts. The C. rupestris infected did not develop any of the typical signs of the disease seen in S. salar. It was, therefore, concluded that wrasse were not susceptible to PD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Zoology Dept., 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-228).

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Armen Zakarian, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 19, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 120 pages. Includes bibliographical references.