Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1946. / "Reprinted from the Physical review, v.67, nos. 7 and 8, 217-222, April 1 and 15, 1945. The Cu K absorption edges of the cuprous halides [by] W.W. Beeman, J. Forss, and J.N. Humphrey." eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Investigations into the reduction of high concentration aqueous copper sulfate solutions with hydrogen, carbon monoxide and mixtures of these gases were conducted. The effect of increasing the copper sulfate concentration was to enhance the rate of reduction in both the hydrogen and carbon monoxide systems. The rate of reduction was increased by increasing pressure, temperature, and the concentration of ammonium sulfate buffer. Under mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide the rate of reduction was intermediate between the rate under pure hydrogen and pure carbon monoxide. Based on the reaction mechanisms and rate equations developed by previous investigators a mathematical model of the reduction processes under hydrogen and carbon monoxide was developed. By fitting the model to the experimental results, rate constants for the high concentration reduction were determined. The use of carbon monoxide, with or without hydrogen, was found to reduce or minimize the plastering problem associated with the hydrogen reduction of copper. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nebraska, 1927. / Caption title: The free energy of cupric chloride : the standard potential of copper and the activity coefficient of copper sulfate. Includes bibliographical references (p. [15]).

This thesis examines transport phenomena of cupric chloride (CuCI2) hydrolysis within a fluidized bed. Conversions of CuCi2 and steam as a fluidizing gas are numerically investigated using a new non-catalytic gas-solid reaction model, proposed in the literature but here updated for the purposes of the present study. The results are illustrated considering two cases of kinetics for the consumption of particles: Volumetric Model and Shrinking Core Model. Consistent results in terms of the conversion of reactants versus superficial velocity, bed inventory and bed temperature are obtained by developing new solution algorithms abased on each of the above kinetic models. / UOIT

Metal oxides are a very important class of materials with a wide range of photovoltaic applications. Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are the primary front contact materials used in thin film solar cells. Identification of methods for reducing the resistivity of these materials would have significant benefits. Development of p-type TCOs would provide alternative back contact materials and could enable further development of technologies such as bifacial, window and multijunction cells. A series of studies into these areas is presented in this work. Aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a well-known n-type TCO consisting entirely of Earth-abundant materials. Targets were manufactured from AZO powder, which was synthesised using a patented emulsion detonation process developed by Innovnano S.A. All films showed good optical transmission. Resistivity was found to decrease with both increasing time and temperature up to 300 degree C. Temperatures above 300 degree C were found to be detrimental to film formation, with increasing amounts of damage to the crystal structure and consequent increases in the resistivity. The effect of alloying molybdenum oxide with molybdenum nitride through reactive sputtering in a mixed oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere was investigated. All alloys were found to show p-type behaviour. Resistivity was found to improve with increased nitrogen content, in contrast to optical transmission, which reduced. A selection of compositions were deposited onto CdTe cells as back contacts. These cells showed an increase in efficiency with increasing nitrogen content. Work function was found to increase with increasing oxygen content, but all work functions were low. Resistivity was shown to correlate strongly with efficiency, caused by a corresponding increase in cell voltage. This implies that to form an ohmic contact on CdTe with p-type materials, work function may be less important than resistivity. The copper oxides are p-type, but uses are limited by the narrow band gaps. Cupric oxide was chosen for investigation and for alloying with other oxides with the aim of increasing the band gap. It was found that temperature and deposition environment have significant impacts on sputtered cupric oxide (CuO) films, with low temperatures and high oxygen environments producing the lowest resistivities. Extrinsic sodium doping was found to reduce the resistivity by up to four orders of magnitude. High oxygen content sodium-doped films were found to have carrier concentrations two orders of magnitude higher than that of indium tin oxide.

Abstract In this study, copper oxide thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering using a Cu target were studied. By changing the oxygen partial pressure ratios and sputtering power and deposition temperatures during sputtering, we obtained copper oxide thin films with different properties. The structures of copper oxide thin films were characterized by glancing incident angle X-ray diffraction. Clear crystal orientation at (002) plane were observed at 50% and 60% oxygen partial pressure ratio. The preferred orientation at (111) plane were observed with heating substrate to 200¢J. The optical and electrical properties of cupric oxide thin films were measured by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and four-point probe system. The cupric oxide thin films deposited with heating substrate to 200¢J exhibited the resistivity of 0.77£[-cm and optical band gap of 1.57 eV. Keywords¡G cupric oxide, thin film, magnetron sputtering, band gap

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1990.

It is desirable to reduce leaching of copper from home plumbing because of environmental concerns and to comply with stringent regulation of copper in wastewater and drinking water. The solubility of the scale (oxidized copper rust layer) on the copper pipe wall, which directly contacts drinking water, is a key factor controlling the maximum soluble copper release. Gradual replacement of soluble Cu(OH)2 scale to less soluble scale is desirable and occurs through a process known as "aging. The presence of sulfate, bicarbonate and orthophosphate in water can quickly convert Cu(OH)2 to less soluble solids. In some cases, this produces a desirable short-term reduction in copper solubility, but over longer time periods formation of these solids can be detrimental because they interfere with formation of very low solubility tenorite (CuO)or malachite phases. Likewise, silica present in water can sorb to Cu(OH)2 and hinder aging to low solubility tenorite, while the presence of chlorine can hasten aging by a chemical reaction with cupric species that has never been previously observed in the drinking water field. Mild chemical treatments that might be used to accelerate aging, and which could be applied to reduce environmental impacts of newly installed copper pipe, were successfully tested. Chemical pretreatments using lime, caustic, soda ash or chlorine reduced copper release by as much as 84% compared to new pipes without pretreatment. / Master of Science

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da monensina sódica sobre o acúmulo hepático de cobre em ovinos. Haja vista, que ionóforos podem alterar a absorção, disponibilidade e distribuição tecidual de minerais em muitos tecidos do organismo. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos mestiços das raças Santa Inês x Dorper com média de três meses de idade e peso medio de 30 kg ao início do experimento, que receberam dieta basal calculada em 2,75% do peso corpóreo, sendo 50% de concentrado comercial (7,13 ppm de Cu) e 50% de feno de capim coast-cross (3,72 ppm de Cu) e 10 gramas de sal mineral (5,9 ppm de Cu). Os cordeiros foram distribuídos em quatro grupos distintos, sendo: Controle apenas dieta basal; Monensina (Mon) - dieta basal e 30 ppm de monensina sódica; Cobre (Cu) - dieta basal acrescida de 10 mg/kg P.V./dia de cobre, na forma de sulfato de cobre pentahidratado; e grupo Monensina+Cobre (MonCu) - dieta basal acrescida de 10 mg/kg P.V./dia de cobre e 30 ppm de monensina sódica. O período experimental teve duração de 14 semanas. Foram coletadas amostras de figado e bile no início por biópsia, e ao final do experimento por necropsia, para determinação de minerais, assim como amostras semanais de sangue para avaliação bioquímica, hematológica e mineral. Foi realizada análise estatística por meio de fatorial 2x2 considerando como fatores a inclusão ou não de cobre e monensina na dieta. Somente um animal apresentou quadro clínico de intoxicação cúprica acumulativa. As concentrações de cobre no fígado no início do experimento variaram entre 243,8 e 345,4 ppm não havendo diferença entre os grupos experimentais. As concentrações médias e desvios-padrão em ppm do cobre hepático ao final do experimento foram 3.363 ± 576 para o grupo MonCu; 2560 ± 524 para o grupo Cu; 562 ± 168 para o grupo Mon e 253 ± 131 para o grupo Controle. Ao final do estudo a concentração de cobre hepático foi influenciada pela suplementação com cobre (P = 0,0001) e monensina (P = 0,0003). Os grupos suplementados com cobre tiveram redução dos teores de ferro hepático (P = 0,0287) e aumento das concentrações de cobre na bile. A avaliação bioquimica demonstrou elevação da atividade sérica da GGT e AST (P < 0,05) nos grupos Cu e MonCu a partir da décima primeira semana do experimento em relação aos grupos Controle e Mon. O aumento da atividade destas enzimas foram influenciadas pela suplementação de cobre (P = 0,0340), enquanto os grupos suplementados com monensina apresentaram menores valores de creatinina quinase. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a monensina interfere positivamente com o acúmulo hepático de cobre sendo que a sumplentação deste aditivo pode predispor a quadros de intoxicações cúprica em ovinos. / The aim of this study was to verify if monensin can change the accumulation of cooper in the liver of sheep, in view of ionophores can alter the absorption, availability, tiissue distribution of many minerals in the body. Twenty four crossbred Dorper X Santa Inês lambs wiht mean age of 3 months and wheitgh 30 kg at the begining of trial recived a basal diete calculated by 2,75% of body wheigth of 50% concentrade (7,13 ppm of Cu) and 50% cost-cross hay (3,72 ppm of Cu) and 10 g of mineral salt (5,9 ppm of Cu). Lambs were randomly distributed in four groups: Control: basal diet, Mon Group reciving basal diet plus 30 mg of monensin; Cu group: basal diet plus 10 mg Cu B.W of CuSO4.5H2O solution; Group CuMon: basal diet plus 30 mg of monensin and 10 mg of Cu B.W. The exeperimental period lasted for fourteen weeks. Liver samples were obtined by liver biopsy initially and at the end by necropsy when lambs were slaughterd. Blood samples were obtained weekly for determination of biochemical, hematological and mineral. Statistical analysis using a 2x2 factorial was conducted considering the factors copper and monensin in the diet and the interaction between them to evaluate the hepatic copper at the beginning and at the end of the study. Only one of animal of group MonCu exhibit clinical sings of copper toxicosis. Copper concentrations in the liver at the beginning of the experiment ranged between 243,8 and 345,4 ppm with no difference between experimental groups. Mean concentrations and standard deviations in ppm of hepatic copper at the end of the experiment were 3,363 ± 576 for MonCu group; 2560 ± 524 for Cu group; 562 ± 168 for the Mon group and 2538 ± 131 for the control group. At the end of the study liver concentrations and total hepatic copper accumulation were influenced both by the amount of dietary copper (P = 0.0001) and of monensin (P = 0.0003). The groups supplemented with copper had reduced levels of hepatic iron (P = 0.0287) and increased concentrations of copper in the bile. The biochemical evaluation demonstrated elevated serum AST and GGT activity (P <0.05) with Cu and MonCu from the eleventh week of the experiment compared to the control groups and Mon. The increased activity of these enzymes were influenced by copper supplementation (P = 0.0340), while group monensin had lower values of creatinine kinase. The results indicate that monensin interferes positively with hepatic copper accumulation and supplementation of this additive can predispose cupric poisoning in sheep.

Nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition using a copper-chlorine cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This is accomplished through reactions involving intermediate copper and chlorine compounds, which act as catalysts that are recycled in the process. In this thesis, analytical and numerical solutions are developed to predict the behaviour of aqueous cupric chloride droplets in a solution undergoing spray-drying in the Cu-Cl cycle. The aqueous CuCl2 is present as a slurry within the cycle, which will later generate oxygen and hydrogen as a net result. The efficiency of the cycle can be increased by utilizing low-grade waste heat from any industrial source or nuclear power plant to assist in the drying process. There are many different methods employed in industry for drying of solutions. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application and conditions. In this thesis, analytical correlations of heat and mass transfer are developed for the aqueous solution, subject to various drying conditions. The analysis is performed for moist air in contact with a sprayed aqueous solution of CuCl2(2H2O). Validation of the model is performed by comparisons with experimental results obtained from a Niro-spray dryer for CuCl2 and previous experimental and theoretical data for different fluids, on the basis of non-dimensional analysis. / UOIT