Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1934. / Typescript. With this is bound: Soil factors which prevent toxicity of calcium cyanamide / D.S. Fink. Reprinted from journal of the American Society of Agronomy, vol. 26, no. 11 (Nov. 1934), p. 929-939. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this work was to determine the nature and composition of the deeply colored complex (530 nm, smax = 2860) which is formed in solutions of cyanamide and pentacyanoammineferrate(II) ion. Initial studies of these solutions revealed the existence of an isosbestic point at 434 nm indicating that the color is probably formed by a simple two component system. Mole ratio and slope ratio studies demonstrated that the ratio of [Fe(CN)5NH3]3-/H2NCN is approximately 2. In view of the alkaline conditions ofof cyanamide is the coordinated species in the complex, and the following dimeric structure is suggested: [Fe(CN)5NCN(CN)SFe]8-. Its large molar absorbtivity indicates that it i probably a charge transfer complex.

Inaug.-diss.--Leipzig. / Lebenslauf.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2002--Aachen.

Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2004.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-37). Also available via the Internet.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that belong to the family of nuclear hormone receptors and exist as three isoforms namely PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ. PPARs function as key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism and are potential targets for drugs used in the treatment of glucose and lipid metabolism dysregulation. PPARs also regulate the expression of genes involved in the process of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Since it was discovered that PPAR ligands cause liver tumourigenesis in rodents, PPARs and their modulators have been investigated widely in in vitro and in vivo studies of carcinogenesis of the liver, colon, prostate, lung and skin. PPARα and PPARγ are the most studied PPAR isoforms in relation to cancer, while the association of PPARβ with cancer is increasingly being investigated. Some studies suggest that PPARβ and its ligands may have anticancer activity, while other studies identify a role for PPARβ in tumour promotion and progression. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women with the majority caused by non-hereditary mechanisms. The activation of PPARα in breast cancer cells is associated with an increase in proliferation, while PPARγ activation in breast cancer cells is related to differentiation and an inhibition of cell proliferation. The role of PPARβ and its modulators in breast cancer is uncertain, as there have been limited studies addressing the effects of PPARβ modulation in breast cancer cell lines. Environmental contaminants such as the phthalate plasticizers and alcohol are putative risk factors for breast cancer. The phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are plasticizers that are used in a range of common household, medical and beauty products and as a consequence humans are exposed to significant levels of these compounds. DEHP and DBP are known teratogens in rodents and DEHP induces hepatocarcinogenesis in a process thought to be mediated via PPARα. DEHP and DBP are metabolized in vivo by esterases to the monoesters, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), and these compounds have been identified in human biological samples. MEHP and MBP modulate PPARs in various tissues and cell types, but their ability to modulate PPARs in human breast cancer cells is not known. Like phthalates, ethanol is another modulator of PPARs and alcohol consumption is associated positively with breast cancer development, but the molecular mechanisms involved are unknown and there are no studies that examine the effects of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde on PPARs in breast cancer cell lines. This thesis describes studies establishing and validating a breast cancer cell line that conditionally expresses human PPARβ under the control of a tetracycline regulator. Using this model, the ability of PPARβ over-expression and/or activation by the PPARβ specific ligand GW0742 to promote breast cancer cell proliferation was studied. Furthermore, putative PPARβ regulated genes were examined for alterations in expression in the presence of the PPARβ ligand. This work determined that over-expression of PPARβ and/or its activation by GW0742 does not promote proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This thesis also investigated the effects of the phthalate monoesters MEHP and MBP on PPARs in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It was found that MEHP activated both PPARα and PPARγ but was unable to activate PPARβ, whereas MBP could not activate any of the PPAR isoforms. MBP was an antagonist for both PPARγ and PPARβ. Using breast cancer cell lines, studies were conducted addressing the effects of an increasing concentration of ethanol (0-300 mM) on the transcription and transactivation of PPARα and PPARβ isoforms. Estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells were more sensitive to the effects of ethanol than estrogen receptor negative MDA-MB-231 cells, with changes in PPARα mRNA more pronounced than PPARβ mRNA. Studies in MCF-7 cells conditionally expressing either PPARα or PPARβ in the presence of their respective specific ligands, GW7647 and GW0742, revealed that ethanol concentrations of 20 mM and 100 mM suppressed the maximal response to ligand-mediated activation for PPARα. Studies using the ethanol metabolism enzyme inhibitors 4-methylpyrazole and cyanamide, suggested that while ethanol was responsible for the modulation of PPARβ transactivation, the primary metabolite acetaldehyde was responsible for the effects on PPARα transactivation. Lastly, it was determined that ethanol and/or GW0742 did not increase the proliferation of MCF-7 Tet-off cells. The findings in this thesis suggest that given the different consequences of MEHP, MBP and ethanol on PPARs, PPAR expression and activation by ligands may have tissue specific consequences and that PPARβ may have a complex role in mammary gland tumourigenesis.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rody França Nogueira Lobato.pdf: 1239580 bytes, checksum: 550fdf62d9efe7570bc695ce5a048a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Embrapa developedin 2010 the first commercial hybrid between caiaué specie (Elaeis oleifera) and oil palm (E. guineensis) (HIE OxG) in Brazil, called BRS Manicoré, as an alternative to palm oil production in incidence areas of the anomaly lethal yellowing. For Elaeisgenre, although there is an established protocol on a commercial scale, the seeds need procedures to overcome dormancy, obtaining sprouted seedsofgood quality, that is essential for establishing a stand. The study aimed to evaluate: I. Exposure time and effect of hydrogen cyanamide (CH) on seed germination of HIE OxG; II. Effective concentration of CH and germination percentage; III. Effect of germination speed in the development of seedlings in the nursery pre-stage. The experiments were carried out at Embrapa Western Amazon, using seeds of commercial lots, freshly harvested and processed.The water content of the seed was adjusted to 15-16% and 20-21%. For all experiments,the design was randomized blocks with 500 seeds. Experiment 1. Comprised of five treatments and four replications, with immersion in CH solution in the concentrations of 2.0 and 2.5% for 24 and 48 hours and thermal treatment (TT) (at 39 ° C ± 1 for 75 daysand humidity air around 70%); Experiment 2. It wereevaluated six treatments and four replications, with soaking seeds in CH solution for 24 hours at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% of the commercial product; soaking in water and TT. Experiment 3. Four treatments (screening / rating) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after germination room entry in five replicates of eight seedlings. After treatment, seeds were immersed in water for nine days and then keptin a growth room (25 ° C to 27 ° C). Smaller percentages of germinated seeds (PSG) were obtained with immersion on CH for 48hours. PSG seeds soaked in water was less than the values obtained in the treatments with CH and TT. The plantlets from the first and second screening showed greater stem diameter. Thegreatest heights of the seedlings were obtained from the seeds of the second and third screening. Loweraverage fresh matter of shoot first and fourth screening and fresh weight of root were found in the seeds of the first, third and fourth screening. It is concluded that hydrogen cyanamide has a positive effect on the germination of seeds of BRS Manicoré, however, its use is not recommended to replace the TT by the lowest percentage of germinated seeds. For the experiment where seedling vigor were evaluated in pre-nursery, the results showed a trend toward greater vigor to seedlings from seeds of the second (14 days) and third screening (21 days) / A Embrapa lançou em 2010 o primeiro híbrido comercial entre as espécies caiaué (Elaeis oleifera) e dendê (E. guineensis) (HIE OxG) desenvolvido no Brasil, denominado BRS Manicoré, como alternativa para produção de óleo de dendêem áreas de incidência da anomalia amarelecimento fatal, letal para o dendê. Para o gênero Elaeis, embora, exista um protocolo estabelecido, em escala comercial, as sementes necessitam de procedimentos para superação da dormência, obtendo-se sementes germinadas, de boa qualidade, fundamental para estabelecimento de um estande.O estudoobjetivou avaliar: I. Tempode exposiçãoe efeito da cianamida hidrogenada (CH) na germinação de sementes do HIE OxG; II. Concentração efetiva de CH e percentual germinativo; III. Efeitoda velocidade de germinação nodesenvolvimento de plântulas na fase de pré-viveiro.Os experimentos foram realizados naEmbrapa Amazônia Ocidental,utilizando sementes de matrizes comerciais, recém-colhidase beneficiadas. O teor de água das sementes foiajustadopara 15 a 16% e 20a 21%. Para todos os experimentos o delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com 500 sementes. Experimento 1.Constituído de cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com imersão em solução de CHnas concentrações de 2,0 e 2,5% por 24 e 48 horas e Tratamento térmico (TT)(à 39 ºC ± 1 por 60 dias eumidade do ar em torno de 70%); 2. Avaliaram-seseis tratamentos e quatrorepetições, com imersão das sementes em solução de CHpor 24h nas concentrações de 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0% do produto comercial; embebição em agua e TT. Experimento 3. Quatrotratamentos (triagens/avaliações) aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após entrada na sala de germinaçãoe cinco repetições de oito plântulas. Após serem submetidas aos tratamentos,as sementes foram imersas em água por nove dias, posteriormente mantidas em sala de germinação (25 °C a 27 °C). As menores porcentagens de sementes germinadas (PSG) foram obtidas com imersão em CH por48 horas. APSGdassementes embebidas em águafoi inferior aos valores obtidos nos tratamentos com CHe TT.As plântulas oriundas da primeira e segunda triagem apresentaram um diâmetro maior do coleto. As maiores alturas das plântulas foram obtidas com as sementes da segunda e terceira triagem. Conclui-se quea cianamida hidrogenada tem efeito positivo sobre a germinação de sementes do BRS Manicoré, porém,o seu uso não é recomendado em substituição ao TT pelo menor percentual de sementes germinadas.Para o experimento onde foram avaliados vigor de plântulas em pré-viveiro, os resultados mostraram uma tendência de maior vigor para mudas oriundas de sementes da segunda (14 dias) e terceira triagem (21 dias).

Temperate deciduous fruit trees have poor and delayed bud break when they are grown in warm areas. The delay is due to a lack of the chilling which is required to break bud endodormancy. Bud endodormancy can be overcome in some species by treatments such as H₂CN₂, heat, and bud scale removal. We tested the effects of chilling, H₂CN₂, heat, and removing scales on bud break of floral and vegetative buds of 'Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Hydrogen cyanamide was effective in promoting floral bud break of 'Tifblue' only on whole plants, at chilling exposures between 300 to 500 hours. However, vegetative bud break was increased by H₂CN₂ at a wider range of ~hilling exposures than floral buds in both whole plants and cut shoots. Optimum vegetative bud break was induced by H₂CN₂ at 125 and 250 mM for whole plants and cut shoots, respectively. Hydrogen cyanamide was highly phytotoxic to floral buds compared to vegetative buds. However, floral buds of whole plants became tolerant to H₂CN₂ as chilling increased. Injury to vegetative buds was significant only at 500 mM H₂CN₂. The chilling requirement for 'Tifblue' floral buds of whole plants was 500 hours. In contrast, vegetative buds did not have a significant relationship with chilling exposure in either cut shoots or whole plants. Heat treatment was effective in promoting floral bud break of cut shoots only at 190 chilling hours at 30 minutes heat exposure. Heat (47°C) for I hr was effective in promoting vegetative bud break, but the effectiveness varied with chilling level and depended on time of heat exposure. Bud scale removal did not promote floral bud break, but increased vegetative bud break, although not significant compared to control. Finally, we discovered that vegetative buds remained dormant even after they had received more than adequate chilling. However, both H₂CN₂ treatment and floral bud removal resulted in increased vegetative bud break, although the effect of H₂CN₂ was less than floral bud removal. This suggests that vegetative buds were inhibited by floral buds and that H₂CN₂ could partially overcome this paradormant effect. / Master of Science